Identification of Unknown Carbohydrates | Lab Report

Identification of Unknown Carbohydrates | Lab Report INTRODUCTION One of the main types of nutrients is the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the most vital foundation of energy for your body. Our digestive system has a capacity to change carbohydrates into glucose or most commonly known as blood sugar. Our body gets energy used by our cells, tissues and organs from this sugar. Carbohydrates also stores additional sugar in our liver and muscles. Carbohydrates may be simple or complex depending on its chemical structure. Simple carbohydrates are also known as simple sugars. They are commonly established in refined sugar such as white sugar. Complex carbohydrates of starches includes grain products like bread, crackers, pasta and rice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Samples Approximately 1.00 ml of the known carbohydrate samples and the two unknown samples were transferred on separate labelled test tubes. About 1.00 ml of Molisch reagent then 1.00 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added to each sample. The test was observed for any change and was recorded. With the use of new batch of samples each time, the remaining tests were conducted: (a) Iodine test 1.00 ml of iodine reagent was added to each sample. (b) Benedicts test 1.00 ml of Benedict reagent was added to each sample then heated using water bath. (c) Barfoeds test 1.00 ml of Barfoeds reagent was added to each sample then heated using water bath. (d) Seliwanoffs test 1.00 ml of Seliwanoff reagent was added to each sample then heated using water bath. (e) 2,4-DNP test 1.00 ml of 2,4-DNP was added to each sample then heated using water bath. The identity of the unknown samples was determined by comparing it to the known carbohydrate samples. B. Hydrolysis of Starch Exactly 50.0 ml of 5% starch solution was transferred in a 100-ml beaker. Precisely 5.00 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid was added. The sample was covered with aluminium foil and was heated using water bath. Two 1.00 ml volume of the sample were transferred in a test tube. Exactly 1.00 ml of iodine reagent was added to one tube and 1.00 ml of Benedicts reagent was added to the other. The reaction was observed. The sample was heated continuously. Two 1.00 ml volume of the sample was transferred between every 5 minute interval and tested with iodine and Benedicts reagent as above until formation of blue-black complex in iodine stops and formation of brick red colour in Benedicts reagent ensues. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONÂ   In Molisch test, the result turned out to be positive or slow reaction. It is because of the formation of the reaction with alpha-naphthol in the occurrence of sulfuric acid. In this test, all type of carbohydrates will give a positive result. Benedicts solution is a deep-blue alkaline solution used in testing the existence of the aldehyde functional group, -CHO. Benedict;s reagent consists of blue copper (II) ions which are condensed to copper (I).These ions will then be precipitated as red copper (I) oxide which is not soluble in water. In Benedicts test, monosaccharides and disaccharides except for sucrose give a positive result. It is when the result is a brick red precipitate. In Barfoeds test, the copper ion in solution oxidizes reducing monosaccharides. This is for the formation of a carboxylic acid and red precipitate of copper (I) oxide in 3 minutes. In Seliwanoffs test, the reagent dehydrates ketohexoses to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural which will further react with resorcinol, that is present in the reagent, to produce a red product in 2 minutes. In Iodine test, all polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch give positive result. The sample turns to blue-black color.

Naturalistic Ethic Essay -- Naturalism Nature Essays

Naturalistic Ethic Even though there are several schools of Naturalistic ethic, they all have one major quality in common – recognition of Nature as the main guiding force of our lives. Naturalists try to understand Nature and how Nature and humanity are linked together. Adherents of Naturalism try to convince people to shift their attitude toward the need to follow the laws of nature as a principle of moral conduct. There are three major schools of Naturalism. The first school strives for â€Å"returning back to nature† in order to enjoy a simple life and find out the truth by communion with nature, which is considered to be the teacher for all people. The second school recognizes that the Nature has inner soul. For example, stoics believed that Nature possesses rational (comprehensible by human mind) and positive divine power and all events in people’s lives are predetermined by it. Thus, people should give in to their fates and react in a positive and rational way toward unfores een circumstances because everything happens for a reason and for the best. The third school advocates evolutionary theory as the basis for ethical conduct. Followers of this theory argue that people should learn their behavior from the evolutionary model of natural world. Darwin’s law of survival of the fittest was applied to social context. The ethical conduct is considered to be right when people or government do not interfere to help weak â€Å"species† survive. As a result, the most developed, smart and enterprising people will prevail and as social evolution progresses, they will form a superior society. As opposed to Naturalism, the ethical theory of duty occupies a completely different domain. Immanuel Kant, the major advocate of this ethical appro... ...ity of cases (e.g. for our purpose of establishing universality). In other words, an almost-universal law is a law that would be universal if a negligible set of cases were ignored. That would seem to resolve the situations where universal moral laws contradict one another as those situations should be few and far between compared to the totality of all possible cases. That is not to say that the negligible set should contain few situations, period; only a minute part of all possible situations. This also seems to resolve the case of self-sacrifice, which, even though it looks moral in many situations, cannot be universalized. It may be argued that those many situations are still within a negligible set compared to the totality of all situations in which it is theoretically possible to practice self-sacrifice, and thus self-sacrifice as a universal law is not moral. Naturalistic Ethic Essay -- Naturalism Nature Essays Naturalistic Ethic Even though there are several schools of Naturalistic ethic, they all have one major quality in common – recognition of Nature as the main guiding force of our lives. Naturalists try to understand Nature and how Nature and humanity are linked together. Adherents of Naturalism try to convince people to shift their attitude toward the need to follow the laws of nature as a principle of moral conduct. There are three major schools of Naturalism. The first school strives for â€Å"returning back to nature† in order to enjoy a simple life and find out the truth by communion with nature, which is considered to be the teacher for all people. The second school recognizes that the Nature has inner soul. For example, stoics believed that Nature possesses rational (comprehensible by human mind) and positive divine power and all events in people’s lives are predetermined by it. Thus, people should give in to their fates and react in a positive and rational way toward unfores een circumstances because everything happens for a reason and for the best. The third school advocates evolutionary theory as the basis for ethical conduct. Followers of this theory argue that people should learn their behavior from the evolutionary model of natural world. Darwin’s law of survival of the fittest was applied to social context. The ethical conduct is considered to be right when people or government do not interfere to help weak â€Å"species† survive. As a result, the most developed, smart and enterprising people will prevail and as social evolution progresses, they will form a superior society. As opposed to Naturalism, the ethical theory of duty occupies a completely different domain. Immanuel Kant, the major advocate of this ethical appro... ...ity of cases (e.g. for our purpose of establishing universality). In other words, an almost-universal law is a law that would be universal if a negligible set of cases were ignored. That would seem to resolve the situations where universal moral laws contradict one another as those situations should be few and far between compared to the totality of all possible cases. That is not to say that the negligible set should contain few situations, period; only a minute part of all possible situations. This also seems to resolve the case of self-sacrifice, which, even though it looks moral in many situations, cannot be universalized. It may be argued that those many situations are still within a negligible set compared to the totality of all situations in which it is theoretically possible to practice self-sacrifice, and thus self-sacrifice as a universal law is not moral.

Terry Kay’s To Dance With The White Dog Essay -- Dance With The White

Questionable Existence in Terry Kay’s To Dance With The White Dog In Terry Kay’s novel, To Dance With The White Dog, the main character Sam Peek befriends a snow white dog. The dog, affectionately called White Dog by Sam, helps to save Sam’s life many times. She is spoken of throughout the book by Sam’s children as well as by Sam in his journal entries. The main question throughout the book asks if White Dog is in fact real or is she just an illusion? There are strong facts all through the book that support White Dog’s realistic nature. Many facts throughout the duration of this book support the theory of White Dog’s existence. At the beginning of the book no one but Sam can see White Dog; however, as the book continues â€Å"his children and his grandchildren began to see White Dog, but always at a distance† (Kay 90). If White Dog had not been there when Sam passed out, he could have died in his own vomit. This is the point when the children first see White Dog. Another fact that supports this theory is the food that White Dog consumes throughout the book. B...

declaration :: essays research papers

The Declaration of Independence is perhaps the most masterfully written state paper of Western civilization. As Moses Coit Tyler noted almost a century ago, no assessment of it can be complete without taking into account its extraordinary merits as a work of political prose style. Although many scholars have recognized those merits, there are surprisingly few sustained studies of the stylistic artistry of the Declaration.(1) This essay seeks to illuminate that artistry by probing the discourse microscopically--at the level of the sentence, phrase, word, and syllable. By approaching the Declaration in this way, we can shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as a work designed to convince a "candid world" that the American colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an independent nation.(2) The text of the Declaration can be divided into five sections--the introduction, the preamble, the indictment of George III, the denunciation of the British people, and the conclusion. Because space does not permit us to explicate each section in full detail, we shall select features from each that illustrate the stylistic artistry of the Declaration as a whole.(3) The introduction consists of the first paragraph--a single, lengthy, periodic sentence: When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.(4) Taken out of context, this sentence is so general it could be used as the introduction to a declaration by any "oppressed" people. Seen within its original context, however, it is a model of subtlety, nuance, and implication that works on several levels of meaning and allusion to orient readers toward a favorable view of America and to prepare them for the rest of the Declaration. From its magisterial opening phrase, which sets the American Revolution within the whole "course of human events," to its assertion that "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God" entitle America to a "separate and equal station among the powers of the earth," to its quest for sanction from "the opinions of mankind," the introduction elevates the quarrel with England from a petty political dispute to a major event in the grand sweep of history.

David Letterman :: Biography Biographies Bio

David Letterman David Letterman grew up in a small town in eastern Indiana. He was born to Joseph and Dorothy Letterman. After reading the novel, "David Letterman: On Stage and Off" by Rosemarie Lennon, I have learned about all his struggles and joys. Because of this book, I feel sorry towards one of the funniest people on Earth, David Letterman. I also admire him for his good acts and abilities. To realize why I feel what I feel toward Letterman, you have to look at some of the main points in his life. First of all, Dave was exactly an A student. He struggled all of his life through grade school to college. He also wasn't very popular. He stated, " I remember standing around. . . with the other losers, watching all the athletes play sports. All we could do is make fun and ridicule them." He was never good at anything until high school. "All I ever knew how to do was to make people laugh. In high school I was the class clown, making fun of everything and everyone." This personality trait was what gave him his thousands of faithful fans, watching his show every night to see Dave rip to shreds anyone who dare challenge him. Another thing that was important to him was his mother and father. His father, Joseph Letterman, and Dave went fishing quite often when he was young. Dave looked up to his father tremendously. When Joseph had his first heart attack when he was thirty-six, Dave and his father started to drift away. Later, Dave's Dad died when he was fifty-three. One of David's top regrets was never spending a lot of time with his dad. As for his mother, she is the classical conservative mother of the fifties. She was always very hard on Dave when he got into mischief in school-- which was quite often. She is still a part of Dave's life, and can be seen quite often on his show, doing a comedy sketch, or telling audience members what the temperature was in Lillihammer during the Winter Olympics. The Reason I feel sorry for Letterman is because of his tragedies of his past. His Dad's passing was hard enough, but he had other trials to deal with. Like his mother. She was never really proud of David, constantly reminding him he was going to fail, and not encouraging him to take his natural ability to

India Superpower Essay

It has been more than 60 years since India got its independence and a lot has changed. Radios have been replaced by LCDs, tongas have been replaced by autos and busses and matkas have been replaced by refrigerators. Indian Companies have made it to the word stage. Companies like TATA own few of the most premium brands of the world such as Jaguar on one hand while the world’s cheapest car ‘Nano’ on the other. Indians hold very high posts all over the world be it Obama’s cabinet, United Nations or the World Bank. India has highest youth population. Our India also has one of the largest army in the world which is capable of facing any other superpower in the world. There is a growth in the infrastructure too. Metro has made short distance travelling comfortable and easier. But is it really a superpower? We have second largest population in the world, but there are very few companies having interaction presence. There is deep-rooted corruption. Most of the politicians are involved in scams like Common Wealth Games scam, 2G scam, Coal scam and even fodder scam. The people of India have got used to corruption. We also have highest youth population, but what is the use when there is no proper social infrastructure to provide them with the skills? There is no proper system to retain the cream brains in our country. The top brains are handpicked by western countries. Who is at a loss? Its India. We also have a huge army but due to lack of focus on research and development we are dependent on Israel, Russia and France for our weaponries. There is no proper policy framework to stop the growth of population. It is no brainer whether India is a superpower or not . If there is corruption in India, India cannot have a good future. Only a strong policy framework and long sited vision can make it possible and India will again be called the golden bird.

Pest Analysis Essay

Political factors include the following types of instrument: – Legislation such as the minimum wage or anti discrimination laws. – Voluntary codes and practices – Market regulations – Trade agreements, tariffs or restrictions – Tax levies and tax breaks – Type of government regime eg communist, democratic, dictatorship Non conformance with legislative obligations can lead to sanctions such as fines, adverse publicity and imprisonment. Ineffective voluntary codes and practices will often lead to governments introducing legislation to regulate the activities covered by the codes and practices. Economical The second element of a PEST analysis involves a study of economic factors. All businesses are affected by national and global economic factors. National and global interest rate and fiscal policy will be set around economic conditions. The climate of the economy dictates how consumers, suppliers and other organisational stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors behave within society. An economy undergoing recession will have high unemployment, low spending power and low stakeholder confidence. Conversely a â€Å"booming† or growing economy will have low unemployment, high spending power and high stakeholder confidence. A successful organisation will respond to economic conditions and stakeholder behaviour. Furthermore organisations will need to review the impact economic conditions are having on their competitors and respond accordingly. In this global business world organisations are affected by economies throughout the world and not just the countries in which they are based or operate from. For example: a global credit crunch originating in the USA contributed towards the credit crunch in the UK in 2007/08. Cheaper labour in developing countries affects the competitiveness of products from developed countries. An increase in interest rates in the USA will affect the share price of UK stocks or adverse weather conditions in India may affect the price of tea bought in an English cafe. A truly global player has to be aware of economic conditions across all borders and needs to ensure that it employs strategies that protect and promote its business through economic conditions throughout the world. Social The third aspect of PEST focuses its attention on forces within society such as family, friends, colleagues, neighbours and the media. Social forces affect our attitudes, interest s and opinions. These forces shape who we are as people, the way we behave and ultimately what we purchase. For example within the UK peoples attitudes are changing towards their diet and health. As a result the UK is seeing an increase in the number of people joining fitness clubs and a massive growth for the demand of organic food. Products such as Wii Fit attempt to deal with society’s concern, about children’s lack of exercise. Population changes also have a direct impact on organisations. Changes in the structure of a population will affect the supply and demand of goods and services within an economy. Falling birth rates will result in decreased demand and greater competition as the number of consumers fall. Conversely an increase in the global population and world food shortage predictions are currently leading to calls for greater investment in food production. Due to food shortages African countries such as Uganda are now reconsidering their rejection of genetically modified foods. In summary organisations must be able to offer products and services that aim to complement and benefit people’s lifestyle and behaviour. If organisations do not respond to changes in society they will lose market share and demand for their product or service. Technological Unsurprisingly the fourth element of PEST is technology, as you are probably aware technological advances have greatly changed the manner in which businesses operate.