Analyzing Methods Used In Financial Reporting - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1560 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Nowadays, there are many different tools to help investor to analysis the stock market, but it can divided into two types which is fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis is base on the corporation fundamental information, such as financial statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, prospective of the industry and so on. Technical analysis is relying on many technical skills, for example, Bar chart, moving average line, rsi, macd etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing Methods Used In Financial Reporting" essay for you Create order In this report, we will analysis the usefulness and benefits of financial reporting to share purchasing or sale decisions by using the methods of efficiency market hypotheses (EMH), behavioral finance and financial information Capital market efficiency and efficiency market hypotheses (EMH) Capital market efficiency can investigate the efficiency and performance of capital markets. When news information available about particular company, if the news is bad, then the prices will drop, and if the news is good the prices will rise, capital market efficiency will revaluate its and fully reflect on the share prices reasonably and speedily. In this theory, the shares do not overvalue or undervalue, hence, nobody can make a profitable return or outperform the overall market by buying a under price shares or beat the market except by chance. There are three types of efficiency: Operational efficiency This is refers to the outlay, velocity and dependability of transactions in securities on the exchange. It is desirable that the market carries out its operations to minimize the cost as possible, dependably and quickly which can decrease the risk of the transaction, it also identified as an internally efficient market. Second is Allocation efficiency This is refers to the optimal allocation of resource, a company or society has a scarcity of resource which means theresource is not unlimited, therefore, allocational efficiency is designed for better allocation of resource to maximize the benefits. Pricing efficiency The participants can expect to gain a risk adjusted return from an investment as prices move suddenly and in an impartial approach to any news in the pricing efficient market. The efficiency market hypotheses (EMH) can only apply to type of pricing efficiency. According to EMH nobody can make a profit more than the fair value or outperform than the market, expect by chance, because past and present information is instantly indicated in the current prices, just new information can change the prices but new information is unpredictable, hence changes of future prices are unpredictable. There are three levels of efficiency which is created by Fama(1970): Weak-form efficiency Current prices of shares is fully reflect all past price movement, thus it can not be used to predict the future situation. Semi-strong form efficiency It not only contain past price movement in the share prices but also include all public information such as rights issues, dividend announcements, resignation of directors and so on. This type of EMH implies that no benefit on analysis the public information that has been announce since the information is assimilated into share prices already, therefore investor can not gain a return higher than normal. Strong-form efficiency The present share price is reflected all information in the market including private and public held. In the strong-from efficiency market even is insider such as director who will know more than normal investor. They also do not have advantage to generate a profit that exceeding the normal returns. Behavioral finance There are many attacks on the EMH by finance experts using the human behavioral literature and the knowledge of market. Since 1980s, there has a movement tend to absorb more behavioral science into finance. Behavioral finance is a theory that explains the effect of psychology on the behavior of the investor such as illogical or irrational decisions and the respond of succeeding effect with different situation on individual and the whole market. Behavioral finance merges with two subject which are economic and psychology, it is disguised the characteristics of market investors and the information structure systematically influence individuals investment decisions as well as market outcomes. The two major types of behavioral finance are limits to arbitrage (when markets will be inefficient) and the cognitive psychology (how people think). The most popular cognitive biases in finance are that investor unwillingness to realize losses. Investors tend to not confess that they have been m ade an error and evade selling the securities at losses. There are some of the most common cognitive biases: mental accounting, representativeness, overconfidence, framing, conservatism and disposition effect. Usefulness of financial information Financial information has a lot of purpose. For examples, participants can use financial information which can help them to realize the overall financial position of the corporation and determine whether or not to invest in the corporation, furthermore, it can assist them to recognize whether they can receive a positive return on their investment. When a company after positive earnings news is issued the prices will likely to continue upward for weeks or months. Also, prices will keep rising after a stock split is released. In opposite, when negative news is announced the prices will continue decrease. There is some most popular aspect when concerning the financial information: Depreciation It can report the true value of items that after depreciate over time such as equipment, buildings and cars. It is the ways that record the residual value of the assets. Current Ratio It is a very popular tool of financial analysis because they provide indication and sign of underlyi ng conditions. The ratio can help the investors to discover the situation and tendency that difficult to detect by examining individual components. For example: acid-test ratio, inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, total asset turnover and so on. Working Capital Working Capital is current assets less current liabilities. A company needs enough working capital to settle the current debts, to obtain benefit of cash discounts, and to hold adequate inventories. If company is running lower working capitals which indicate that the company is not likely to meet the current liabilities or to continue operating. When assessing a companys working capital, investors can not just look at the amount of current assets less current liabilities, also have to look at the ratio. The current ratio is defined as current assets divide by current liabilities. If the ratio is less then one, it implies that the company has not enough cash to pay its current liabilities which is risky for investors. The Income Statement It provides vast data for who interested in the financial health of the corporation. It presents how much profits are made after minus all expenses. If the expenses are too high, then it will get a low profit margin. In order to get a net income, the following expenses are deducted from revenue: selling and administrative expenses, taxes, cost of goods and other income and expenses. Taking HSCB annual reports of 2008, 2009 and 2010 as an example, when the corporation announced annual report on March at 2009, 2010 and 2011, it was recorded a profits which is 66milliona, 59 millions and 131millions respectively, after the announcement the stock continue to raise a period of time. Some research finds that financial information is useful in predicting future stock returns. Ou and Penman (1989) and Holthausen and Larcker (1992) demonstrate that financial information come from public financial statements can be use to successfully predict st ock returns for the coming period. In general, financial analysts are less willing to follow poor performing, low- volume, and small firms (Hayes 1998; McNichols and OBrien 1997), Ou and Penman (1989) show that an array of financial ratios created from historical financial statements can accurately predict future changes in earnings, while Holthausen and Larcker (1992) show that a similar statistical model could be used to successfully predict future excess returns directly. Conclusion To conclude this demonstrate by quoting Statman, Meir (1999) People are rational in standard finance; they are normal in behavioral finance. Rational people care about utilitarian characteristics, but not value-expressive ones, are never confused by cognitive errors, have perfect self-control, are always averse to risk, and are never averse to regret. Normal people do not obediently follow that pattern. Standard finance asks for too much when it asks for market efficiency in the rational sense, and investment professionals ask for too much when they insist that the primary contribution of behavioral finance is its potential help in beating the market. Accepting market efficiency in the sense of beating the markets and rejecting it in the sense of rationality would allow finance researchers to ask questions about the roles of investment professionals that go beyond the role of beating the market. Investment professionals belong to many groups, and we need to understand the benefits, both utilitarian and value expressive, they provide. EMH required all investors are rational, logical and unbiased, but in the real world it is difficult to do that, because human has felling, they can not always be rational, logical and unbiased, also there are many investors that lack of knowledge, they just follow the others which is similar to crowd psychology. Refer to the question form Mr. Right, EMH state that the share prices has already contain all the public information, in fact is that, we can see the example above, when the public information is issued, the share price will fluctuation influence by the news information for a period of time, therefore, investors to study the report and account of companies is very important. Furthermore, the behavioral finance is more suitable in the real words. Words Count: 1574

Obesity The Weight Of The Nation - 897 Words

According to the media article, Whose Fault is our Fat? Obesity solely stems from Americans not participating in enough physical activity. On the other hand, Family Stressors and Child Obesity, attributes the stem of childhood obesity to stressors, particularly family stressors. Another possible explanation for obesity, other than Americans not getting enough physical activity or stressors, comes from the movie, watched in lecture, The Weight of the Nation. This movie makes the connection of rates of obesity to living in poverty areas. The movie also firmly believes that Americans are turning to quick, processed, and readily made meals, instead of healthy food options. The article, Family Stressors and Child Obesity, does not entirely disagree with, Whose Fault is our fat? they believe that the theory of lack of exercise causes obesity needs to be expanded. Their idea of obesity stemming from stress is a relatively new discovery. Family Stressors and Child Obesity, surveyed over two thousand children and adolescence from age five to seventeen. The article looked for a connection between obesity and six common stressors: family disruption and conflict, mental and physical health problems, housing issues, health care struggles, financial strain, and lack of cognitive stimulation and emotional support. The connection they found was younger children were more likely to be overweight or obese if they resided in a household where cognitive stimulus and emotional support were notShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic Is Disturbing The Financial And Social Stability Of The United States1481 Words   |  6 PagesAn Obesity epidemic is disturbing the financia l and social stability of the United States. 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Because childhood obesity is increasing worldwide and corrupting the lives of millions of children who won’t survive into their adulthood. Childhood obesity is a serious health issue that’s facing the United States. This topic captivated my attention to understanding the main problems and solutions to combating childhood obesity after watching; â€Å"Weight of the Nation† Children in Crisis. The types of information I found on the

Analysis of Architecture in Photography Essay - 1074 Words

Analysis of Architecture in Photography I have decided to look at architecture for my next genre in photography. I have chosen architecture as it is very different to fashion photography and looks at totally different materials and includes different characteristics. In the early years of photography, few if any photographers were specialists in any area other than commercial portraiture, which was the main area in which a living could be made from the new medium. Early photographers did fairly often photograph buildings, often working from the window of a convenient room rather than at street level. Many of the images from this era can truly be described as monumental, giving the subjects†¦show more content†¦Even thought the photo only consists of blue, it is made up of lots of different shades of blue. The lights on the building and around it stand out because they are a bright colour. I think the way the sea blue colour merges into the deep blue/black colour of the background works really well. The photograph doesn’t really have a story to it, as there isn’t much going on, it doesn’t have energy or any movement to it at all. However it could easily be a scene used in a film, such as an establishing shot. The photo has a certain peaceful feel to it. It is soothing to look at; this is because it is a calm, quiet setting- you can almost feel your presence there, staring into the beautiful view. I think the reason that the photo has such a positive, relaxing feel to it is down to the fact that the composition of the photo reminds you of a deep blue sea or a clear black sky. The photo has strong verticals and horizontal, which emphasise a static feel and the negative space. The picture has a large depth of field with the two buildings the centre point of it. Only natural lighting is used for this photo, therefore getting the exact time of day right would have been essential. The photo also has some negative points to it. The angle at which the photograph is taken from makes the picture looks really flat and plain, For instance ifShow MoreRelatedBauhaus: Influences on Photography and Architecture1648 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Photography Final Research Project Bauhaus: Influences on Photography and Architecture After the defeat in the First World War and the fall of the German monarchy, Germany faced darkness and lost hope in the future. Walter Gropius, a German architect, who served in the war, saw the need of re-orienting the art world for the better (Westphal, 7). One year after the First World War, 1919, Gropius opened a school in Weimar, Germany called the Bauhaus school. His intentionRead MoreOrientalism in Art Essay1840 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"What was the process of ‘Orientalising’ according to Edward Said? 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Argumentative Essay On The Glass Castle - 720 Words

The title of the book, The Glass Castle, is repeated throughout the book as a dream that her father had. The family knew that he would never actually build the castle, but her father still talked about it like he would actually do it, and Jeanette would believe him. Jeanettes father made her many promises, but he did not follow through with the promises. Whenever she questioned him about the promises he made to her he justs says, â€Å"Have I ever let you down?† Jeanette knows that he had let her down but she does not say it, and she had â€Å"heard that question at least two hundred times† (Walls 210). For example, for her birthday Jeanette asks her father to stop drinking. He promises her that he would do anything for her â€Å"if it’s humanly†¦show more content†¦The Glass Castle represents the hope that is lost, and how it shatters like glass, like how the Walls family finds hope, but eventually lost it and went back to their old habits of just bare ly scraping by. The Glass Castle gave Jeanette and her family a false hope when they believed that their father would actually build the castle. Jeanette realizes that her father will not build the Glass Castle once she reaches adulthood, as she grows up she slowly begins to believe in this dream less and less. She stops believing in this because her father makes many promises to her, but he never fulfilled those promises. When they began to build the glass castle like her father told her they would, Brian and Jeanette had dug the foundation for the Glass Castle, her father tells her them to throw the trash into the hole, this is like calling their dream garbage. Even though they took so much time to build the foundation, believing that it was actually for the castle, â€Å"the hole for the Glass Castle’s foundation slowly filled with garbage† (Walls 155). He told them many times that they would build the castle, and that they only needed money to build it, but they ne ver do. Even when they actually have money from Jeanette’s grandma dying, heShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On The Glass Castle1607 Words   |  7 Pagesdeserve.†- Unknown. In the book The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls readers are given a front row seat into a family that is constantly being destroyed by the parents. This book allows readers an inside look at having an alcoholic father and an absent mother. There’s no such thing as â€Å"normal†, but society often expects certain things from it’s citizens - things like holding down a job, responsibly raising children, and giving back in some way, but in The Glass Castle, Rex and Rose Mary Walls do noneRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Glass Castle1623 Words   |  7 PagesIn March of 2005, author Jeanette Walls published her second book, The Glass Castle, a memoir of her adventurous childhood family adventures. While The Glass Castle may have not been Jeanette’s first book, she had been writing since she was in middle school and showed a passion for the subject. However, unlike others, Jeanette has an interesting yet beautiful story about how she became the woman she is today. From reckless driving in the western desert at a young age to almost being raped multipleRead MoreA Different Snow White Story Essay examples1011 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, in the original version she uses a looking glass and in the 2012 version she uses a mirror with a reflection of her younger looking self. In both Disney versions when Snow White becomes more beautiful than the queen she sends the huntsman to go kill her and bring back her heart, but in the Brother Grimm version she asks for Snow Whites liver and kidneys. The huntsman is unable to kill her and tells her to run away and never to go need the castle again. This is when the differences really comeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCore Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learning Plan and Autobiography 92 SKILL APPLICATION 95 Activities for Developing Self-Awareness 95 Suggested Assignments 95 Application Plan and

Customer Rebates Management

Question: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rebates for the customer and the manufacturer? Answer: Logistics and Supply Chain Management Disadvantages and Advantages of rebates for the manufactures and customers Customer: Advantage: A program of rebate can help in instilling of brand loyalty and creating awareness for a product. When there is a full refund or coupon to make free purchase then the customers think of purchasing a new product (Bragg, 2013). Disadvantage: When the procedure of the rebate is complex then a customer can simply discard the required verification of the purchases and never mail the rebate. Manufacturer: Advantages to Manufacturer: Rebates help in inducing the prospective customers to try the product. Disadvantages to Manufacturer: Manufacturers due to rebate are not able to keep up with the demand. Mail-in rebates a method to divide the customers in categories Mail in rebates is a type of discrimination. The reason for this is that the lower class people are less likely to redeem the rebates than the educated upper middle-class. Working of Mail-In Rebate The first step in rebate is for the manufacturer who issues offer of rebate to those purchasing the product. The purchaser signs and mails it back to the manufacturer with the UPC to the address specified. The purchasers mainly send this form to the clearinghouses hired by the manufacturers. The time taken for processing is four to eight weeks. The clearinghouse then sends the purchaser the check in the name of the manufacturer (Datta Gulati, 2011). Benefit derived from Supply chain from Mail-in rebate A manufacturer will be able gain profit from the supply chain when the customer does not claim the rebate. Need for customers to Mail in Rebate The customers need to mail in the rebate because then only the manufacturers can understand that the product has been purchased. Ethical for the manufacturer to offer Mail in Rebate It is ethical for the manufacturers to offer Mail- in rebate but the manufacturer must also help the customer to avail the rebate. References Bragg, S. (2013).Accounting best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Datta, S., Gulati, S. (2011).Utility Rebates for ENERGY STAR Appliances: Are They Effective?. ZuÃÅ'ˆrich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CEPE - Centre for Energy Policy and Economics.

Case Study Capital Gains Tax

Question: Case Study: Capital Gains Tax. Answer: On the date of 5th June from the present year, he also sold the share he purchased from the mining company for $ 80,000. On that present year dated 10th January he purchased those shares for the amount of $75,000. In order to purchase he borrowed as loan amount $ 70,000 further also paid interest $5, 000 for the loan. He rather paid $750 as the brokerage in order of sales of shares and also paid the stamp duty $250 for the shares. According to the law of income tax, interest based on a loan is never granted as the part of an acquisition cost. Thus, the loan of interest is never included (Kay 2012). Capital gains are there are the basic difference between the capital and cost of capital tax gain asset acquisition. Three methods of calculating capital gain in accordance to this discount, method is the first and the principal methods which are applicable in the event of gained tax at least before 12 months. The next method is the second method which is explained as the method of indexation and is applicable when there is before that of 21st of September and is applied till at least for 12 months just before the relevant gain on capital tax. The final most method is residual method, and can be applicable when it not exceeds 12 months to held the asset. So it can be stated that these methods are used in computing overall calculation of capital gain (Fischer and Gallmeyer 2014). The properties which are taken before September 20th 1985 are: Sale of residential house or the family house; Any vehicles or motor vehicles; Any acquired property which can collect less than of $500; Any certain amount which can be reimbursed from certain injury (Keohane and Olmstead 2016). Capital losses based on the long term- It is based on long term may set against the term of only capital gain. There is no scope of another possible set off. Further be forwarded to an assessment of indefinite subsequent years and it is only used set off against capital loss of Long Term (Ball 2014). Capital loss based on the short term- It can be regarded as a set off the same sources or rather than from the capital gain of long term. Regarding this, there is a term it which is brought forward as the assessment year subsequently indefinite and the set off is against both long as well as for profit of short term(Rauch and Rijsdijk 2013). We can state that Mr Dave stayed for 30 years in a two-storey flat and that which he bought for $70,000. On June 27 of the present tax year, he sold that building for $ 8, 50,000. There was an auction made on the building and for which the purchaser gave $85,000 as an advance before the purchase. But later it was found that there was no proper fund present with the purchaser to purchase that property. As it can be seen there was a forfeited done with the money and $ 85,000 which was received was charged as income from different sources (Krugman 2014). Capital gain calculation can be The total sale that was proceed was of $8, 65, 000; But there was an exemption which was defined under CST and that includes only home for family (Oulton and Sebasti-Barriel 2013). On 20th September 1985 there was also a purchasing of a pro hart for the price of $ 15,000 and was sold at for the amount of $1, 25, 000. By that Capital Gain can be stated in the follow ways: Sale was proceeded for $ 1, 25,000 Less: Content of cost acquisition 15,000*123.4/71.3 $25,961 There was also purchase of a cruiser in the year of 2004 the amount of which was $1, 10, 000 and later on June 1st of the present year it was sold to a boat broker on the amount of $60,000 (Harding 2013). Hence, the capital gain can be followed as: Proceeds in Sale $ 60,000 Less: Content of cost acquisited $ 1, 10,000. Reference List: Ball, L.M., 2014. Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries (No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Barry, V., 2014. Parsing Marriage Penalties: The Irrationality of Tax and Government Benefit Marriage Penalty Jurisprudence. U. Pa. J. Const. L., 17, p.1183. Ferrer, A., Casals, J. and Sotoca, S., 2014. Conditional coverage and its role in determining and assessing long-term capital requirements. Available at SSRN 2447673. Fischer, M. and Gallmeyer, M.F., 2014. Heuristic portfolio trading rules with capital gain taxes. Journal of Financial Economics (JFE), Forthcoming. Fishman, S., 2014. Working for Yourself: Law Taxes for Independent Contractors, Freelancers Consultants. Nolo. Goold, P.R., 2015. Is Copyright Infringement a Strict Liability Tort. Berkeley Tech. LJ, 30, p.305. Harding, M., 2013. Taxation of dividend, interest, and capital gain income. Katz, L., 2014. Long-term unemployment in the Great Recession. Members-only Library.

Women Essay Example For Students

Women Essay Sentencing disparities are an equally inequitable derivative of mandatory sentencing which requires increased sentences for crack cocaine violations, while offering flexible alternatives in cases arising from powder cocaine arrests. Powder cocaine is used by predominantly white middle-class or suburban defendants. More than 71 percent of women in federal prison and 35 percent of female state inmates have been convicted of drug offenses, usually involving crack cocaine, which carries mandatory sentences as long as 25 years for first time offenders. Moreover, large numbers of women of color convicted of crack offenses have been charged because of relationships with boyfriends, husbands or other significant males who themselves are statistically more vulnerable to police apprehension and racial profiling. Two cases exemplify the numerous other instances of young African American women doing hard time for minor drug involvement. Kimba Smith, a first time offender in Virginia, was unable to bargain with prosecutors because she could offer no information about the drug dealer with whom she was romantically involved. She was sentenced to federal prison for 24 years without possibility of paroleone year for each of her 24 years of age. Dorothy Gaines, a mother of two minor children and guardian of two grandchildren, is serving a 19-year, seven-month federal sentence without possibility of parole. Many believe she was convicted not because of the scant evidence but because she had no information to offer against her live-in male companion. The Prison Industrial Complex, driven by the momentum of privatized prison construction as an effective rural economic development tool, has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. It encourages more convictions, larger prison populations and longer prison sentences, even though these prisons increasingly have become warehouses for the mothers of black and brown children. In 1995, over $5.1 billion was allocated for new prison construction by federal and state governments, at an average cost of $58,000 for a medium security cell. Additional incarceration costs for each inmate exceed $30,000 annually, an attractive but diabolical income stream for the prison industry. African American and Latina women shoulder another oppressive weight of the criminal justice system. When fathers, sons, brothers and other potential family providers are locked in the jailhouse, the women and children in their lives are locked in the poorhouse.

Multi Disciplinary Team free essay sample

IntroductionWhat is a multidisciplinary team? Multidisciplinary team consist of staff from several different professional backgrounds. Who have ability to focus on different areas of complex problems associated with Intellectual disabilities. These teams respond to clients who need the help of more than one professional position. Multidisciplinary teams are often discussed in the same context as joint working, interagency work, and partnership working. in medical care and community care and Social care. Legislation and policy by governments have contributed to the increased and development of multidisciplinary teams in different areas such as Mental Health, Medical Care, and other areas of society.A multi-disciplinary approach involves drawing from multi discipliners to problem solves issues and rethinking outside the normal boundaries in seeking solutions or new understanding for complex situations. The multidisciplinary team is made up of professionals and carers some are skilled set professionals and others are trained in the skills of careering for the person with intellectual disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi Disciplinary Team or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each working together to reach the same goal of providing support and help, enabling a person with intellectual disabilities to be able to reach a quality of life that leads to independent livingThe aim of this assignment is to investigate the multi-disciplinary team and what their role is in caring for a person with an Intellectual disability. I will explore the role of the carers members and show an understanding of supports needs by a person with an intellectual disability. By encouraging and promoting positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities will be explored. The intellectual disability I will be investigating will be Autism. As part of the assignment I will focus on care support for a person in a day care setting and the carers giving the care. A vision statement of Volunteers in supporting the person with intellectual disabilities shows what we need to aspire toBeing supported to live a life on ones own terms .Above all people have a deep rooted desire to belong ,to be in relationship ,to live with in the intimacy and security of their family and friends ,to be included in the greater life around them with all its attended possibilities for hope and fulfilment and to do so, to the greater extent possible ,on their own terms .The implications of this simple truth will determine our actions on behalf of all citizens with Intellectual disabilitiesIf we take this vison and ask a person with an intellectual disability what do they want. The probably say I would like to have a feeling of belonging to, have good relationships and the security of their family and friends making choices ,dignity ,and making a contributing to their community and feeling of self-worth .As part of this assignment I will carry out primary and secondary research which will involve an interview with a member of staff in a multi-disciplinary team, I will used information from the internet, journals and books . During my placement in St Cronans I got a better understanding of how the work is carried out by a multidisciplinary team. How their work impact with a person with intellectual disability working in the environment of the day care services. The carers themselves encourage dignity, independence, choice, relationships, self-respect, develop strategies in reduce levels of challenge behaviour. They meet the holistic needs of the person, self-respect, work on low self-esteem. There are many words to describe what is meant as respects for a person with intellectual disability.Irish constitution states all citizens shall be held equal before the law .Respect should be show to all people especially those who are in a care setting whether they have physical or intellectual disabilities . When people are treated with respect they have confidence in themselves and they grow in the confidence they are able to make decision and feel valued in society .It important to talk to the person first and not parents. Always tell the person about their care first as they are adults and should be treated as adults. If they can do things for themselves let them do it, dont say I will do it for you. Often the person will be willing do what they are asked to do. You must take time to get to know the person and their abilities. It will take time for the person to get to know you. Individuals with ID should have choice on how they wish to be cared for. The choice is not all individuals with ID would be in the position to make decisions Some may want to live independently get a job, integrate in the community, some may want to live in residential care setting or attend day care services and other want to continue to live at home. They should have the choice to make their own decision. Whatever decision they make it their choice to make gives them a feeling of control over their own lives.It shouldnt be unexpected for a person with ID to want to have a part or fulltime job to work in a supermarket or a cafà ©, they want to contribute to society. They have the same needs, dreams visions, emotions and feeling as everybody else. They want the same opportunities as everybody else. Having the opportunities to go to school, attend college, training, volunteering, activities in sports, writing, drama, own their own home. They should have the same chance as everybody else living a good life and having a job gives the individual a purpose in life and increase their confidence and self-worthThe individual with intellectual disabilities only have relationship with their parents and immediate family members and paid carer who look after them in the residential for day care centres Their circle of friends is small. Having a relationship with a person other than family is very important especially in the own age bracket gives them feel good factor, allows them to explore new emotions feelings opinions and builds their independence give then a wider circle for communication and building a network of support in making friends. In developing their interest in what friends do in hanging out. Building relationships is important part of people lives and is a way of interacti ng and a feeling of belonging in the community with other people.There are diverse types of intellectual disabilities Some can have mild levels of intellectual Disabilities. they can continue to live at home and attend day services for training and learning new skills i. e. garden, cooking, crafts. Some people might have more serve Intellectual Disabilities and need more professional help while continue to live in a residential care settingFor clients with intellectual disabilities support can come in diverse ways like a residential home such as St Anns where their medical care needs would be met by staff nurses and a programme of doctors, occupational therapist ,physiotherapist, dieticians, dentist, optometrists. For client with less sever intellectual disabilities who have access and can live in community homes where they can do things for themselves. In the community houses the carers assistants instead of the staff nurses who are there to aid the clients in their home environment. The clients can make choice in what they want to eat and what clothes they want to wear. they can go on day trips, shopping used public transport go swimming, walks getting involved in activities this is called social living. If they choose and have the capability to living on their own, they be supported by social worker or they may have support from a day care centre they are attending during the week such as St Cronans in Roscrea. The Mags and her sister Mary and Jenny attend St Cronans day care centre for intellectual disabilities they live in their own home attended by Mary Ryan their carer .She calls to their home in the evenings and in the morning, she provide help in paying their bills ,organising appointments to the dentist , hairdresser, optometrists, doctor and the chiropodist and she help in providing transport plus providing help with shopping .There is the provision of respite for clients who live at home with their parent. The respite can be with another family or in an institutional setting. Allowing the carer and the families a break, or a rest, a time to recharge, the client have a holiday and to engage with other people, change to their routine. People with ID who live independently wi ll always need support for either social workers or from a day care setting. I will investigate the role of a multi-disciplinary team in the overseeing the care of a child with Down Syndrome. When the child is born a multi-disciplinary team will be involved in giving the necessary skills to be able to attend school. The needs of the child will be assessed and the Health Nurse in the community will coordinate with the multi-disciplinary team. i e doctors, occupational therapist, speech therapists, physiotherapist, and the social worker in giving support and services to the child. Once the child reaches the age of five year the child will be assessed by a psychologists and medical doctor to decide on their mental and physical need and the level of care they needTo see if they have any underlined medical problems such as heart defect, hearing impairment, vison impairment. The physiological assessment will be done to evaluate the level of task and their ability to learn this will be important as it a deciding factor as to what school they will attend. The parent decides on what is the best choice for their child receiving the best education to live independently in the future. The child has the choice of attending main steam school or special classes in main steam school this depends on the needs of the child Depending on their disability if the have physical needs a SNA will be giving while attending school.Front Line Staff are social carer employees who work directly with service user including help from volunteers, students, additional staff, According to the HSE the multi-disciplinary staff is the Doctor, Nurses, Social Workers, Psychologists Dietician, Occupational, Speech and Language Therapists, Dentists, Pharmacist.While on work placement in St Cronans I saw at first-hand how important the front-line staff is to the service users in the day care centre in helping them to build skills and support in daily tasks of cooking, gardening, music, reading and computer courses. I spoke with Val and I asked him what was important to the service users. He told me the unit provide a place of care in addressing any issue they might have in hygiene ,looking aft er the weight and diets and simple thing like company most the service users live at home, their circle of friends might only be family members .Val and Sue are in charge of the Green unit and responsible for all the client in the unit. They must see that client get their medication and care needs. They must make sure that client get exercise and fresh air , while I was there most of the client went on their walk around the building three times after lunch, also take part in football games .They also have to keep up with changes to their medicationThe role of the Dietician. Is responsible for the nutritional management of who are referred to themIt is a known fact that people with disabilities are at risk of nutritional problems each service user checked for the weight were given instruction to work on their exerciseThe physiotherapist works to restore the movement and function when somebody is affected illiness for a siabilityPhysiotherapy helps to restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability. It can also help to reduce your risk of injury or illness in the future.It takes a holistic approach that involves the patient directly in their own care.OF THE CONVERSATIONThe Public Health Nurse complements all members of the multidisciplinar y team including the family Doctor by offering additional counseling, co coordinating other team members providing feedback both to the parents and the multidisciplinary teamIn the brief what is required of the Multidisciplinary team and supporting staff is made up of group of health professionals and support workers who work of a care plan in providing the services to the person The multidisciplinary team have import role as a team in meeting the objectives in providing a centered and effective care for the person. By supporting and providing the care and skills set in helping both the parents and the child with Down syndrome to achieve a quality of life and independence that is accredit to a normal child. Without the professional help the child with Down syndrome would not be able to cope with the stresses of life. Within the multidisciplinary team its important that each member communicated with each other regarding the individual person well being The Team worksNow I want to demonstrate thehttps://newyorkessays.com/essay-intellectual-disability/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2005/10/27/how-to-work-in-multi-disciplinary-teams/http://www.fedvol.ie/_fileupload/Publications/Vision%20Statement%20for%20Intellectual%20Disability%20in%20Ireland%20-%20April%202009.pdfhttps://newyorkessays.com/essay-intellectual-disability/