Reasons to Learn French

Motivations to Learn French There are a wide range of motivations to get familiar with an unknown dialect all in all and French specifically. Lets start with the general. Why Learn a Foreign Language? Correspondence A conspicuous motivation to get familiar with another dialect is to have the option to speak with the individuals who talk it. This incorporates both the individuals you meet when going just as individuals in your locale. Your outing to another nation will be extraordinarily upgraded in both simplicity of correspondence and kind disposition on the off chance that you communicate in the language. Communicating in anothers language shows regard for that culture, and individuals in each nation incline toward it when voyagers put forth an attempt to communicate in the neighborhood language, regardless of whether everything you can say in it is hi and please. Likewise, learning another dialect can likewise assist you with communicating with nearby foreigner populaces at home. Social Understanding Communicating in another dialect causes you to become acquainted with others and their way of life, as language and culture go connected at the hip. Since language at the same time characterizes and is characterized by our general surroundings, learning another dialect opens ones brain to new thoughts and better approaches for taking a gander at the world. For instance, the way that numerous dialects have more than one interpretation of you demonstrates that these dialects (and the way of life that talk them) place a more prominent accentuation on recognizing crowds than does English. French recognizes tu (natural) and vous (formal/plural), while Spanish has five words that demonstrate one of four classifications: natural/particular (tã º or vos, contingent upon the nation), natural/plural (vosotros), formal/solitary (Ud) and formal/plural (Uds). In the interim, Arabic recognizes nta (manly solitary), nti (female particular), and ntuma (plural). Conversely, English uses you for manly, ladylike, recognizable, formal, solitary, and plural. The way that these dialects have such various perspectives on shows social contrasts between the individuals who talk them: French and Spanish spotlight on nature versus convention, while Arabic underlines sexual orientation. This is only one case of a significant number of the semantic and social contrasts between dialects. Likewise, when you communicate in another dialect, you can appreciate writing, film, and music in the first language. It is amazingly hard for an interpretation to be an ideal reproduction of the first; the most ideal approach to comprehend what the writer implied is to peruse what the writer composed. Business and Careers Communicating in more than one language is an expertise which will build your attractiveness. Schools and businesses will in general incline toward applicants who talk at least one unknown dialects. Despite the fact that English is generally spoken in a great part of the world, the truth of the matter is that the worldwide economy relies upon correspondence. When managing France, for instance, somebody who communicates in French will have a conspicuous bit of leeway over somebody who doesnt. Language Enhancement Learning another dialect can assist you with understanding your own. Numerous dialects have added to the advancement of English, so learning those will show you where words and even linguistic structures are from, and enlarge your jargon for sure. Additionally, in figuring out how another dialect contrasts from your own, you will build your comprehension of your language. For some individuals, language is inborn we realize how to state something, however we dont essentially know why we state it that way. Learning another dialect can change that.Each resulting language you study will be, in certain regards, somewhat simpler, on the grounds that youve effectively figured out how to get familiar with another dialect. Also, if the dialects are connected, for example, French and Spanish, German and Dutch, or Arabic and Hebrew, some of what youve effectively realized will apply to the new dialect too, making the new dialect that a lot simpler. Grades As long periods of unknown dialect study increment, math and verbal SAT scores increment. Youngsters who study an unknown dialect regularly have higher state administered test scores in math, perusing, and language expressions. Unknown dialect study can assist with expanding critical thinking abilities, memory, and self-restraint. Why Learn French? In the event that you are a local English speaker, probably the best motivation to learn French is to assist you with understanding your language. Albeit English is a Germanic language, French has enormously affected it. French is the biggest benefactor of outside words in English. Except if your English jargon is a lot higher than average,â learning Frenchâ will significantly increment the quantity of English words you know. French is communicated in as a local language in excess of two dozen nations on five mainlands. Contingent upon your sources, French is either the eleventh or the thirteenth most normal local language on the planet, with 72 to 79 million local speakers and another 190 million optional speakers. French is the second most normally showed second language on the planet (after English), making it a genuine chance that communicating in French will prove to be useful for all intents and purposes anyplace you travel. French in Business In 2003, the United States was Frances driving speculator, representing 25% of the new openings made in France from outside venture. There are 2,400 US organizations in France creating 240,000 employments. American organizations with workplaces in France incorporate IBM, Microsoft, Mattel, Dow Chemical, SaraLee, Ford, Coca-Cola, ATT, Motorola, Johnson  Johnson, Ford, and Hewlett Packard. France is the second driving speculator in the United States: in excess of 3,000 French organizations have auxiliaries in the US and create about 700,000 occupations, including Mack Trucks, Zenith, RCA-Thomson, Bic, and Dannon. French in the United States French is the third most habitually spokenâ non-Englishâ language in US homes and the second most usually showed unknown dialect in the United States (after Spanish). French in the World French is an official working language in handfuls ofâ international associations, including the United Nations, the International Olympic Committee, and the International Red Cross. French is the most widely used language of culture, including craftsmanship, food, move, and style. France has won more Nobel Prizes for writing than some other nation on the planet and is one of the top makers of global movies. French is the second most as often as possible utilized language on the web. French is positioned as the second most powerful language on the planet. Gracious, and one other thing-Spanish isâ notâ easier than French! Sources Confirmations Testing Program of the College Board. France in the U.S. Franco-American Business Ties Rock Solid, News from Franceâ vol 04.06, May 19, 2004. Rhodes, N. C., Branaman, L. E. Unknown dialect guidance in the United States: A national study of basic and auxiliary schools. Community for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems, 1999. Summer Institute for Linguistics Ethnologue Survey, 1999. US Census, Ten Languages Most Frequently Spoken at Home Other than English and Spanish: 2000, figure 3. Weber, George. The Worlds 10 Most Influential Languages, Language Today, Vol. 2, Dec 1997.

Family characteristics of Order sphenisciformes-penguins Research Paper

Family attributes of Order sphenisciformes-penguins - Research Paper Example The creator utilizes practical and similar investigations in understanding the adjustment practices and other charming highlights of the goliath penguin. The article stayed fundamental in clarifying morphological qualities of specific types of penguins. Jadwiszczak, Piotr, and Sandra D. Chapman. The Earliest Fossil Record Of A Medium-Sized Penguin. Polish Polar Research 32.3 (2011): 269-277. Scholarly Search Premier. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. Jadwiszczak and Sandra, 2011 spotlights on remaking highlights of fair measured penguins utilizing soonest fossil records. Near investigation of the fossils uncovers the inferable highlights of average estimated penguins and their roots. The article was fundamental in understanding the inborn developmental highlights of moderate estimated penguins. Ksepka, Daniel T., et al. Advancement Of The Brain And Sensory Organs In Sphenisciformes: New Data From The Stem Penguin Paraptenodytes Antarcticus. Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society 166.1 (2012): 202-219. Scholastic Search Premier. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. Ksepka et al., 2012, conducts an investigation planned for investigating the intrinsic neuroanatomical advancement among penguins. The creators utilize produced virtual endocasts in understanding the anatomical highlights of surviving penguin species. The examinations discover that there exists maintenance of different qualities related with trip in spite of advancement. There additionally exist information reflecting level of advancement in neuroanatomical highlights of penguins. The article is basic in understanding transformative attributes among penguins.

Global competition study of Accor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Worldwide rivalry investigation of Accor - Essay Example The pace of development inside the lodgings and inns industry has been portrayed as a for the most part encouraging one (Accor, 2013). As showed in figure 1, from 2009, the industry has recorded increment in industry esteem. The recorded development in any case, Hospitality Net (2012) deplored that the general development has been immersed around not very many contenders. This implies until an individual organization inside the business performs remarkably well, it would end up inside a developing industry yet won't generally be a piece of this development. This is the explanation it is critical and applicable that the flow investigate be attempted with the point of breaking down the key intensity of Accor. The determination of Accor is likewise of intrigue since it is considered as one of the main supporters of the industry’s development (Accor, 2013). It is along these lines imperative to consider the organization in order to discover manners by which the organization can keep up its current serious situation inside the business. Accor is headquartered in Paris and an individual from the Paris stock trade with a working ticker of AC. Because of its key financials, Accor is viewed as a significant worldwide lodging administrator (Hotelier News, 2014). Among the 92 nations where Accor works, Europe is its biggest market with almost 3,576 inns and 461,719 rooms in Europe alone (MarketLine, 2014). The objective markets of Accor have been generally impacted by its two significant fragments which are lodgings and different organizations. Under the inn section, there are focuses with extravagance, upscale, mid-scale, and economy target markets. Most definitely, there are target markets for corporate offices and club (MarketLine, 2014). Table 1 gives the key financials of the organization from 2009 to 2013. At the point when the key financials of Accor is graphically spoken to, it is conceivable to get the genuine drive of why it is significant for the task to be completed. This is on the grounds that the chart in

Global Conflict Likelihood

The world is changing quickly and the progressions are probably going to prompt a worldwide clash later on. The total populace is expanding at a disturbing rate particularly in the creating scene. The high populace needs more assets to meet their fundamental needs yet the assets are rare. Along these lines, individuals need to scramble for the rare assets. In the long run clashes emerge as individuals attempt to get a bit of the resources.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Global Conflict Likelihood explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The poor will get into savagery as they attempt to get assets from the rich. The significant levels of destitution will keep on expanding with the social imbalance that is common in numerous nations. Similarly as Karl Marx asked the proletarians will organize an uprising and topple the industrialist class. In this manner, the probability of future worldwide clash is high. Globalization will likewise prompt clashes later on. The pattern has brought nations closer through exchange, business and correspondence and simultaneously the world is self-destructing. The world has gotten one and with it patriotism is vanishing as individuals become worldwide residents along these lines it will be hard to recognize individuals as indicated by culture or religion. The American culture has spread over the globe quickly through movies and TV programs. The loss of a personality will make an issue as certain nations attempt to oppose becoming mixed up in the bigger world and keep up their character or maintain a strategic distance from impacts from different nations. This will prompt little wars that will set clans against clans as individuals look to redraw limits in a world that has gotten expanding borderless. In different universes old contentions that existed will be reestablished. The conflict of civic establishments will likewise prompt clashes later on. Civic establishments are at the most elevated s orts of collection and offer things like language, religion and customs among others. Individuals use civic establishments to characterize personalities and after some time the characters experience redefinition. Today the world has become a worldwide town because of the improved communications between individuals from various human advancements. Thus, the cooperations have prompted an expansion in human progress awareness. Individuals are increasingly mindful of their human advancement similitudes and contrasts. The mindfulness will revive the hostilities that existed between the human advancements previously and each will try to become dominant.Advertising Looking for exposition on worldwide relations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eventually wars may breakout between civic establishments as they battle to keep up their personality and maintain a strategic distance from mastery by the others. Civic establishments that are viewed as a danger will confront antagonistic vibe from the undermined ones consequently making enmity rather than harmony and fellowship. The ill will between the west and the Arab world will keep on existing. The purpose behind this is civic establishments call upon individuals and states with comparable points of view to hold hands and work together. An assault on one individual from a progress is taken as an assault all in all human progress. For instance America’s Iraq occupation has been taken as an assault on the Islam development and that is the reason we have strain between Arab countries and the west. The way that the western human advancement rules the world monetarily it is looks to control different angles, for example, weapon obtaining of different nations since it tries to secure its government assistance. A contention will emerge in light of the fact that the non-western nations feel they reserve an option to procure whichever weapons they regard fit for their security. For example Iran is at loggerheads with the west for its atomic improvement plan and it has promised to carry on regardless of the approvals. Besides, the Arab world has been hesitant to grasp globalization since it has been likened with Americanization. Religion has additionally been utilized to spread contempt against the west and the two human advancements will struggle later on because of their various belief systems except if something is done to evacuate the ill will between the two by helping them to comprehend each other and perhaps cooperate. At last, the world was more secure a quarter century back than it is currently because of the fore referenced difficulties confronting the world in the 21st century. A quarter century back, the total populace was lower yet with the present patterns in fruitfulness, rates particularly in the creating scene are high. The accessible assets can't support the populace with the test of a worldwide temperature alteration. Besides, numerous individuals are turning out to be radicalized by some strict affiliations and would not spare a moment to perpetrate wrongdoings for the sake of religion. Subsequently, with low degrees of wellbeing on the planet today, future worldwide clashes are inevitable.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Global Conflict Likelihood explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world security is at a danger today. The danger of psychological oppression stays extraordinary in numerous nations over the world as gatherings try to execute or impart dread in others so as to satisfy their ideological or political objectives. For example, a few people have been caught conveying bombs in planes like the Nigerian man on an American plane. Quite recently a package conveying a bomb was incepted in Dubai in a plane from Yemen. Osama container Laden despite everything issues dangers and the last one was against Europe. The weakness on the planet today is additionall y advanced by globalization and headway in innovation. For instance, individuals can hack into security databases making nations powerless against assaults. Moreover, delicate data can be spreads over the world instantly through the World Wide Web. I have discovered that the more things change the more they continue as before. This is on the grounds that before, the world was unreliable and clashes prompted passings of numerous individuals in clashes, for example, the first and second world wars at that point came the time of cold war. Today, the world is interconnected and nations subject to each other in any case, this has not decreased the danger of contentions on the grounds that the nations are as yet fatigued of each other. All the more should be done to guarantee world harmony by tending to the reasons that are probably going to prompt future worldwide clashes. This exposition on Global Conflict Likelihood was composed and presented by client Clark B. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Review Example merican governmental issues seems, by all accounts, to be to a great extent stage oversaw by the well-to-do segments of the general public, in the peak it depicts a sound image of the American legislative issues, where the pioneers tune in to the voice of their soul and were the qualities like genuineness, reasonableness, family holding and equity figure out how to flourish over childishness and lie. 3. The exercise that this film will in general pass on is that basically the American governmental issues is esteem driven. The mechanics and the system of the American governmental issues and the open desires are with the end goal that they will in general push back the phony and the narrow minded. Despite the fact that at a shallow level, numerous a period it might appear that the special segments of the general public have a more noteworthy state in the political arrangement, in the end it is the solid propensity of honesty and uprightness that consistently has a last say. 1. Thank You for Smoking, a 2005 movie coordinated by Jason Rietman, is basically about the endeavors of a smooth and shrewd tobacco lobbyist Nick Naylor who utilizes his open talking aptitudes to win support in the kindness of smoking. The film delineates the ploys and plans depended on by Nick Naylor and his similarly invested companions to shape and impact the general population and political sentiment for the causes that happen to be essentially destructive to the general wellbeing. 2. The perspective on the American governmental issues as introduced in Thank You for Smoking hushes up negative and upsetting. In Thank You for Smoking the American governmental issues comes out as a political framework that is defenseless against being overseen and impacted by the individuals who are compelling, ground-breaking and deft general supposition directors. The American open is appeared as a clueless casualty to the plans of individuals who are not loath to lying and utilizing flawed rationale. 3. While State of the Union finishes in the triumph of the basic American qualities like trustworthiness, uprightness and equity, Thank You for Smoking will in general venture the triumph of the amazing and the corrupt over the ideal political qualities and

4 Ways to Tame Your Phone and Remain Productive

4 Ways to Tame Your Phone and Remain Productive When was the last time you spent a day without your phone? Half a day? Heck, even a couple of hours? If you’re anything like me, you probably can’t remember a time where you were purposefully without your phone. Our livesâ€"both personally and professionallyâ€"have become so controlled by the flow of communication that even a few minutes without our phones within reach has been shown to cause anxiety, physical signs of stress, and even depression in some users.   But despite their misgivings, our phones are also incredible tools for productivity, when used properly. Unfortunately, few of us do this. Instead of supporting us with the work we need to do, our phones become beacons for interruptions. You might be always on and available for important messages. But you’re also always on and available for stress-inducing Slack messages, aggravating emails, and a constant stream of busy work. So with our phones so firmly ingrained in our day-to-day, the question becomes: Can we still be productive, even with our devices around us 24/7?   It’s not how much you use your phone that’s a problem. It’s how often you impulsively check it. You probably know you should be looking at your phone less often. But it’s not entirely your fault that you can’t leave it alone. As humans, we’re driven to seek rewards of all sorts. And every time you look at your phone and see a little red dot next to an app or feel it buzz in your pocket, it sends a signal your brain just can’t ignore. You see, every time you get a notification from your phone it’s like pulling on a slot machine. Your brain doesn’t know whether it’s going to get an Instagram like, a new Twitter follower, a text from an old friend, or a spam email. And to be honest, it doesn’t matter. This kind of variable reward system is how we learn and build habits and it’s pretty much impossible to ignore. So what do you do? The easy answer is to say you’re going to turn off all notifications. Unfortunately, that doesn’t work either. According to Nir Eyal, author of Hooked: How to make habit-forming products, apps and tools on your phone have become so good at forming habits that they don’t even need notifications to steal your attention. We check our phones not just because something told us to. But because we’ve built habits that tell us to do it on our own.     It’s gotten so bad that researchers have found that even a silent phone near you causes increased anxiety, stress, and disruption to your focus. Instead of trying to go cold turkey and block the external triggers drawing us to our phones, we need to find ways to tame its constant pull and build a better relationship that puts us in control of when and how we use it. Here are a few suggestions to get you started:               Productive Task ManagementDiscover MeisterTask Step 1: Create distance between you and your phone to lessen your habit of “Checking in” One of the main issues we have with our phones is simply just how present they are in our lives. According to marketing firm dscout, we “touch” our phones 2617 per day. Meanwhile, Apple recently revealed that iPhone users unlock their phones around 80 times every 24 hours. When it comes to the work things that pull at our attentionâ€"email and instant messengers like Slackâ€"we found the average user checks in nearly every 7.5 minutes. Whichever number seems closest to your own usage, it’s clear we’ve built a habit of constantly needing to check in on our phones. The first step in taming your phone usage is to create friction to disrupt that habit. As Catherine Price, author of How to Break Up With Your Phone, explains: “We often try to jump in and start changing stuff without really taking the time that’s necessary to understand why we’re reaching for our phones, and how we feel when we are on our phones. And I think those are very powerful questions to ask.” One solution that Catherine suggests in her book is to create a moment of friction as you reach for your phone. To do this, she’s created custom lock screen wallpapers that ask “What for? Why now? What else?” Next, try to create more situations where you’re physically separated from your phone. Follow a recipe in a cookbook instead of on a website. Or simply place your phone in your bag instead of in your pocket. As Dr. Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, author of The Distraction Addiction, explains: “Not carrying your phone right against your body but carrying it in your bag can help ease some of that sense that you always need… to have a little of your attention turned towards your phone.” Step 2: Remove immediate triggers from your home screen to stay on task The scope for our phones to go from helpful tools to destructive forces depends on what we see the moment we open them. Your home screen is a battle for your attention. And unfortunately, most of us are on the losing side. Tristan Harris of the Center for Humane Technology, calls these “menus.” Every time you open your phone, you’re presented with a menu of options and paths to choose from. The problem is, these menus don’t tell the whole picture, but rather limit our options of what to do. Worse than that, when we give ourselves distracting menus, we’re more likely to lose focus and slip off down the rabbit hole.   “The ‘most empowering’ menu is different than the menu that has the most choices. But when we blindly surrender to the menus we’re given, it’s easy to lose track of the difference.” But unlike a restaurant where you go for specific dishes, we have full control over the menus we see on our phones. So ask yourself, what options do you want on your menu? Do you want social media, email, and games? Or notes, weather, and tools? “By shaping the menus we pick from, technology hijacks the way we perceive our choices and replaces them with new ones. But the closer we pay attention to the options we’re given, the more we’ll notice when they don’t actually align with our true needs.” To use your phone productively, you need to create the right menu. That means removing any distracting apps that will pull at your attention and bombard you with notifications. If you want to go to the extreme, you can even turn your phone greyscale to remove the color triggers from app icons. Step 3: Practice better phone hygiene to set standards around focus and attention How you use your phone doesn’t just affect you. It also signals to other people how they should use theirs as well. So if you want to tame your phone’s control over you, it’s going to have to be a group effort. According to the Harvard Business Review, managers who frequently send emails and check their phones during meetings are 2.2 times more likely to have direct reports who do the same thing. If you’re in a position of leadership at your company or just want to help the people around you spend less time on their phones, you need to be the source of change. Nir Eyal, author of Hooked, suggests creating something like a “digital hat rack.” With this approach, devices are left outside of meetings so you have more face-to-face interactions and are less likely to be distracted. And it’s not just in-person behaviors that should be changed. If you send emails out of hours, you can expect to receive them as well. But if you wait to respond during working hours, you can slowly change the culture around how often people are expected to be “on”.  This, of course, goes for Slack messages too. Step 4: Use a tool to help understand and control your actual usage Changing the way you use your phone means changing your behavior. And research has shown that to change the way we think and act, we need more than just willpower alone. Thankfully, there are plenty of tools you can use to either add friction to your phone usage  or track the time you spend on it for an accurate picture of just how much it’s impacting your workday. Here’s a few you might want to check out: Arianna Huffington’s Thrive App turns off notifications, calls, and texts except from people on your VIP list Siempo changes your interface to help you question why you’re using your phone RescueTime tracks the time you spend on your Android phone (and your desktop), giving you a super accurate view of how you’re using it and how much of your attention it takes Forest encourages you to stay away from your phone by growing virtual “trees” that die once you start using your phone. While these tools can help change your behavior, they aren’t standalone solutions. It’s always more important to understand why you’re letting your phone distract you, rather than rely on an external tool to try to solve your problems.   It’s all too easy to vilify our phones as the source of all our distractions. But the truth is that they’re fantastic tools that can actually help increase our productivity, giving us the flexibility to work when and how we want to, and capture creative ideas quickly and in the moment.   Instead of blaming our phones, we need to start blaming the bad phone usage habits we’ve built. By creating friction when we feel the desire to use our phone, removing triggers, and creating a better culture around phone use, we can start to use them on our terms. Not theirs. Productive Task ManagementDiscover MeisterTask

Mycotoxins A Hidden Poison in Foods - 2200 Words

Mycotoxins: A Hidden Poison in Foods (Research Proposal Sample) Content: Research Proposal- NutritionName:Instructor:Course:Date:Project TitleMycotoxins: A hidden poison in foodsBackground to the research issueMycotoxins are defined as poisonous chemical metabolites that are produced by filamentous fungi (Bennett Klich, 2003). Some of the mycotoxin compounds are found in grains and seeds hence can cause diseases, disorders and even death to oblivious consumers who include human beings and animals. Mycotoxins found in food have disastrous effects often leading to severe illness or chronic long-term conditions and immune deficiency (Wild Gong, 2010). When detected, mycotoxins cause heavy economic losses to stakeholders in the agricultural industry who include producers of food, processors, distributers and the consumers of the food.There are five groups of mycotoxins that are found in food and these include: deoxynivalenol or nivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin, fumonisins and aflatoxins (Murphy et al, 2006). Of major interest are aflatoxin s which are commonly found in grains such as maize and peanuts and fumonisins, both of which are common in tropical developing countries where they have a significant impact on human health.Mycotoxins are a cause of great concern because they occur in very small quantities which therefore make them easily undetectable in foodstuffs. They are therefore hidden poisons in food with very serious repercussions to human and animal health. Most of the discussion about mycotoxins revolves around the foods that are likely to be afflicted with the fungi, its chemistry, prevention measures but the idea of the fungi being a hidden poison in food is minimally discussed.With this background into the research issue, the main purpose of this research is to investigate how the food that human beings consume may be unknowingly poisoned and highlight the effects of the mycotoxins to human beings. The results of this research will try to identify ways of identifying mycotoxins in food to prevent illnes ses and deaths among human beings and animals.The research questionHow can mycotoxins be detected in food and what are the awareness and preventive measures which can be taken to minimize casualties that arise from the consumption of food containing mycotoxins?Justification for the proposed researchMycotoxins in food have fatal consequences to both human beings and animals. This is particularly devastating considering that they are lethal in very small quantities normally measures in parts per billion (ppb) or parts per million (ppm). Mycotoxins naturally cause immune deficiencies and protect the filamentous fungi from attack by other microorganisms. Toxicological effects of mycotoxins have been experimentally proven in laboratories using animals and they have yielded results that have raised a reason for concern among researchers.Aflatoxins which is a group of mycotoxins is a well identified cause of liver cancer in addition to jeopardizing immunity in laboratory and infected anima ls when ingested in large quantities. The toxins also compromise the metabolism of proteins and other micronutrients which are crucial for good health. According to Williams et al (2004), approximately 4.5 billion people living in developing countries are exposed to uncontrolled quantities of aflatoxin and other mycotoxins found in food. The disease burden is these countries which is more than 40% is further aggravated by the toxic effects of aflatoxin ingestion. The categorization of mycotoxins as a low priority risk factor for the increase in disease burden by the World Health Organization (WHO) makes it even more important to highlight the nutritional effects of the toxins on human and animal health.Current technology for the detection of mycotoxins includes the use of a variety of biosensors which have undergone a series of developments to become more accurate and sensitive. The current technologies identified by Maragos (2004) used to detect mycotoxins include the following: ev anescent wave technology, lateral flow devices, dipstick devices, fluorescence polarization, capillary electrophoretic immunoassays, microbead assays and time-resolved fluorescence. These technologies prove to be effective in laboratories and the challenge is therefore to make them competitive compared to other conventional techniques used in the field. The method used to detect mycotoxins is dependent on factors which include speed, accuracy, skills necessary and the cost of carrying out the method. Another challenge is to identify methods of detecting mycotoxins in a small scale and away from analytical laboratories.The gap in existing research concerning mycotoxins is the identification of mycotoxicosis as a hidden threat that has fatal effects on the health of human beings and animals. The technologies that exist to detect mycotoxins and the fungi which cause them are expensive and are confined to analytical laboratories which are few in number. The task is to develop innovative technologies which require less labour and which are more accessible due to reduced costs. The current technologies are still unable to enable the simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins from the same sample. This is because the different groups of mycotoxins are made up of different chemical compositions and physical properties which is also a challenge to researchers.The preliminary literature review section that follows looks at previous researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s work concerning the sources, chemistry, diseases and preventive measures for mycotoxins.Preliminary literature reviewSources of mycotoxinsMycotoxins are produced following the growth of fungi which mostly occurs in crops and agricultural products. However the toxins are not formed on all the crops since there are factors which facilitate the process. These include the level of exposure to infestation by fungi, the appropriateness of fungal substrate, climate, moisture content of crops and exposure to damage by pests and insects. The fungi which cause the production of mycotoxins in crops and seeds are divided into three categories: storage fungi, field fungi which attack plants and advanced deterioration fungi which attack seeds that have already been damaged and have high moisture content. Examples of storage fungi are Aspergillius flavus and Aspergillius parasiticus, those of field fungi are Fusarium tricinctum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium roseus and Fusarium nivale while examples of advanced deterioration fungi include Aspergillius clavatus, Aspergillius fumigatus, Mucor, Absidia, Chaetomium, Rhizopus and Scopulariopsis (Magan Olsen, 2004).Chemistry of mycotoxinsMycotoxins vary greatly in terms of chemical structures. One of the earliest mycotoxins to be identified, ergotism, is grouped as indole alkaloids which are found on the heads of plants of the grass species such as wheat. The alkaloids are produced from a system of tetracyclic ergoline ring. There are four major Aflatoxins which are B1, B2, G1 and G2 of which Aflatoxin B1, is naturally carcinogenic. Aflatoxins are derived from difuranocoumarin which are generated by polyketides by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin consumed by cows transforms the aflatoxin B1 into hydroxulated aflatoxin M1. Fumonisins are produced through the synthesis of an amino acid known as alanine through the process of condensation. The most abundant fumonisin is fumonisin B1. Trichothecenes have a common structure of 12, 13-epoxytrichothene and an olefinic bond which has different substitutions depending on different chains. These are further classified into two groups, macrocylic or nonmacrocylic depending on the ester or ester-ether bridge between C-4 and C-15. Type A of nonmacrocylic has a hydrogen side chain on the 8th carbon position while type B contains a ketone. Zearalenone is another mycotoxin which is made up of resorcylic acid lactone or lactene, a C-1 and C-2 double bond and a C-6 ketone (Murphy et al, 2006).Foods infected by fungi that potentially deliver toxinsThe foods that are prone to infection by filamentous fungi which cause mycotoxins generally consist of seeds and grains. However, fruits and vegetables are mostly affected by the fungi Rhizopus and Mucor. Seeds containing oil such as soya, maize, sunflower, groundnuts cotton seed cake and tree nuts are mostly affected by Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins. Other foods and seeds that can be affected by mycotoxin causing fungi include coffee, rice, sweet potatoes, rice, sorghum and figs. Cows that feed on contaminated food are also known to produce milk contaminated with aflatoxin. The fusarium species of mycotoxins are known to attack plants such as corn, grasses and legumes and tomatoes.Diseases and disorders related to poisoning from mycotoxinsMycotoxins are known to cause various diseases in human beings and animals when food infected by filamentous fungi is ingested. Most of the mycotoxins ha ve been identified as being carcinogenic in humans and they also cause immune deficiency. In animals, mycotoxins are known to cause complications in the reproductive system of pigs, cancer in laboratory animals, equine eucoencephalomalacia which is a serious disease in horses and adverse effects in chickens.The major outbreaks of mycotoxins include the death of thousands of people in the UCSSR during the 1940s due to alimentary toxic aleukia, stachybotryotoxicosis which claimed the lives of thousands of cattle and horses in the same country in the 1930s and 100,000 turkeys that died in England due to aflatoxicosis (Semple et al, 2011). More recent outbreaks as documented by Schmale and Munkvold (2009) include the death of more than 75 dogs in the United States following the consumption of dog food that contained aflatoxins. Several other dogs in their hundreds suffered liver damage due to expo...

Economic Factors That Influence Our Quality Of Life

Economic factors that influence our quality of life in Australia An economy refers to the way in which a society is systematized to solve the economic problem of the insufficiency of resources relative to the society s needs and wants involving the countries production, distribution and exchange. There are many factors or the economy that influence the standard of living in Australia. The Main Factors are Australias Economic System, The key resources of the Australian economy, and the key economic indicators including confidence, unemployment, exchange rates, economic growth and inflation. Fix this and expand properly Economies are categorized into different systems. The two broad types of economic system are the Market economy and the planned economy. Australia is a Market Economy. Economic Systems Market Economies Market economies work on the belief that supply and demand, are the best determining factors of what is right for the nation s welfare. Market economies allow market influence to drive most of their activities and decisions. They only really become involved in government interventions (for example; price fixing and subsidizations) to the extent that is needed to provide and ensure stability. The market economy is the preferred system of choice in today s marketplace however, it is debatable whether market economy allows for the correct amount of government intervention that is considered ideal for efficient economic function. Market economy producersShow MoreRelatedA Statement Of The Problem Of Service Organizations1590 Words   |  7 Pagescountry. In our country, it is the backbone of our economy in terms of creation of employment potential and contribution to the National income. The study of Quality of Working life has been an important and critical area in management and organizational performance from last several years especially in the LIC. Work is an integral part of our everyday life, as it is our livelih ood or career or business. On an average we spend around twelve hours daily in the work place that is one third of our entireRead MoreConsumer Behavior Refers to the Selection, Purchase and Consumption of Goods and Services for the Satisfaction of Their Wants1679 Words   |  7 Pagesconsume. Meanwhile, there are various other factors influencing the purchases of consumer such as social, cultural, personal and psychological. The explanation of these factors is given below. 1. Cultural Factors Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: buyer culture, subculture, and social class. †¢ Culture Basically, culture is the part of every society and is the important cause of person wants and behavior. The influence of culture on buying behavior varies from countryRead MoreInfluences on the Health of a Community1152 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences on the Health of a Community The health of a community is influenced by many factors including the social, cultural, and ethnic mix of the community, varying individual belief and moral systems, and the impact of political and economic factors to name a few. Strong social community associations, affiliations, and ties, within the interior of the community also influence the overall health of the community collective. Additional influences are the actual physical environment, surroundingsRead MoreOrganic Food : An Major Factor For The Overall Economic Growth Of India Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: - Agriculture is the major factor for the overall economic growth of India. Organic food is a natural food, which is produced by the organic farming without use of any pesticides, synthetic fertilizers Industrial waste etc. NZ Rose apple is one of the best apple came in the varieties of apple. Rose apple has a unique rose pink color from medium to large size of variety with crispy juicy flesh and sweet flavor. NZ Organic Rose apples is a good looking apple with a sweet juicy tasteRead MoreFactors of Poverty1288 Words   |  6 PagesFactors of Poverty No one universally accepted definition of poverty exists because it is a complex and multifaceted phenomena. Poverty is borne out of economic factors that include a lack of access to secure employment, insufficient income, and a lack of assets, especially that of real-estate. There are social structural elements and psychological factors that both contribute to, and have a tendency of perpetuating poverty. While both of these contribute to poverty they are very differentRead MoreMicroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Microeconomics1565 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Economics is an enormous field. The term economics is the broader term, however within this, there are additional fields such as microeconomics and macroeconomics. The difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics is analogous to the human body and the individual cell that makes up the human body. Macroeconomics is involved with the wide lens aspect of society. In other words, macroeconomics focuses on the broader large scale economy of a society. Macroeconomics focuses on largerRead MoreMicro and Macro Marketing946 Words   |  4 Pagesmarketing Refers to the internal controllable factors or forces which affects the ability of a company to serve its customers. e.g. the organization, the market, the suppliers, market intermediaries and the marketing mix. The micro marketing environment that surrounds organisations can be complex by nature, however the company has an element of control over how it operates within this environment. Macro marketing Refers to the external factors or forces which affects the ability of the companyRead MoreHealth Care Issues in the United States1242 Words   |  5 Pages the United States does not have a particularly high life expectancy rate. Within this paper I will discuss heath issues in the United States including how heath effects behavior, economics, and social structure. I will also include key stages of medical technology development and population demographics. Explain how health is affected by behaviors, economics, and social structure. Statistical data and reports show social behavior, economic status, and social structure are important determinantsRead MoreShui Fabrics Question - Ans959 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how  businesses operate and make decisions.. There are economic differences that influence the relationship between the partners at Shui Fabrics. Chiu Wai operated Shanghai Fabrics LTC located in  China, before it  became a joint venture  with Rocky River Industries in the United States. When the companies became a  venture, Chiu Wai became the Deputy GeneralRead MoreWhat Are The Forces Within America That Have Shaped Our Health Care System? Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pageshave shaped our health care system? Many forces shape our current healthcare system. Our cultural belief and values shape our views on our social, political, and economic exigencies. While our beliefs and values usually represent basic or core impressions of individuals in our society, they are constantly changing. Thus, they lend a sense of dynamism to our health care system. Our cultural beliefs and values also impact our sense of ethics, which also influences how we allocate our health resources

Tablets Fun or an Easy Way Out - 858 Words

Teenagers now remember the days where they played outside with the sun shining down on them as kids, and the grainy feel of the warm concrete under their bare feet. Ten years from now teenagers will remember their childhood years as pixels and cathodes. Tablets and eReaders are taking over the newer generation and making their ways into our schools and personal lives more often than not. Our life is changing drastically day by day thanks to the advancing technology. Tablets are being over used and run down because of our technology dependent society, and consumers do not realize the risks it has on their personal and school lives. Tablets are used by most students and teachers across America. Like most new things, there are mixed feelings about the new technological device. This new technology may allow teachers to better target students’ individual academic levels and learning styles, and engage students who often are bored by the more traditional style of teaching (Banchero and Phillips). Teachers will be able to change and personalize their lesson plans even more than before. With the new tablets schools are slowly receiving, teachers are exhaling a sigh of comfort because of the less work it grants them. Teachers can watch students writing essays in real time and shoot one a note if she failed to write a proper introduction and another separate note if she used improper punctuation (Banchero and Phillips). Not all teachers are liking the idea of tablets takingShow MoreRelatedTablets Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages Tablets have exploded in popularity over the last year, due in large part to a new crop of fast tablet computers from companies like Apple, Motorola and Asus. Heres a quick guide to help you know what to look for when choosing a tablet and which features really arent that important. Operating System. Tablets generally use a mobile operating system, which allows for a customized experience, since most mobile operating systems are already designed with touchscreens in mind. The iPad uses iOS,Read MoreTablets vs. Textbooks1698 Words   |  7 PagesTablets vs. Textbooks During the 21st century, humans have developed the scientific technologies more rapidly than ever before. And the way of their lives is also changing according to the change of new technologies. Nowadays, we can easily see the people who are holding tablets with their hands around our place. A tablet is simply a mobile computer that is small, portable, and easy to use with just two fingers. Since it has been recognized for its usefulness and utility, many students study andRead MoreCase Study And Watch The Video Posted Below883 Words   |  4 Pages(2) steps that you believe Tropicana should take in its branding strategy in order to use the straw in the orange as effectively as possible. Provide a rationale for your response and do not duplicate your classmates’ responses. There are various ways to take this situation with Tropicana new look. By spending $35 million to see if customers like the change in the look of their brand really was an expensive adventure. But in the information gathered from this experiment was new awareness thatRead MoreUsing Technology As An Instructional Tool1424 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If a child does not learn the way I teach, I must teach the way he/she learns,† Jacquie McTaggart used in her title of a book written for teachers by a teacher. A quote in which every teacher should value. It is easy to force a student to listen, but it is not easy to force a student to understand. It states that students all have different learning styles and the teacher should be able to figure out the best way for students to understand intellectually and embrace the challenges of learning forRead MoreIntegrating Tablets into Schools Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesbut tablets can. Tablets are the new technology that schools ne ed to introduce to the students more so that they can keep up with technology. They are small and can find in any good sized bag and are quick to turn on for easy access. Also now that tablets are out of the testing state and are being upgrade to better quality and easier to navigate and learn, this would be a good time for schools to invest into tablets. Students already use cellphones in class so why not replace it with a tablet to keepRead MoreInstalling A Custom Rom On The Sony Xperia Z2 Tablet864 Words   |  4 Pagesto install a custom ROM on the Sony Xperia z2 Tablet because it allows them to update to the latest version of Android -- or at least something newer than was last rolled out by the phone carrier networks. Most manufacturers like Sony will not update older devices in the fear that people will never have a reason to buy new smartphones and tablets. The Android operating system is still one of the best features you get with your smartphone and tablets, and that make s sense since it s the operatingRead MoreShould Textbooks Be Used Over Textbooks Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pageshis/her education; therefore, tablets/computers should be used over textbooks. There are multiple advantages and disadvantages to taking textbooks out of classrooms throughout the United States. One of the biggest advantages in the use of tablets/computers over textbooks is the ability to record and monitor cheating in a more formal way. For example, a large variety of schools through the United States use programs such as GoGuardian to monitor students while on tablets/computers. These programs mayRead MoreCity Of Fountains : Creativity And Inspiration1669 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding descriptions of water pressure and how things of the liking work. Visitors will also be able to control and experiment with water pressure. Technology: There will be an attraction placed in the center where visitors will be welcome to use the tablets provided to use an app made specifically for the exhibit to design fountains, learn facts, and take quizzes about the fountains in the exhibit. Engineering: The exhibit encompasses the engineering aspect of how fountains are made and how they workRead MoreTechnology And Modern Technology1392 Words   |  6 PagesSavanna loves having touch screens in her little hands, but it makes me wonder if her childhood could be wasted on the constantly developing technology of today. When I was a child, it was typical to go outside, get a little dirty, run around and have fun outside. Sadly, not all children are the same. How will these children feel? Will they be glad they were a part of the â€Å"app generation† or will they regret it later on? A child’s connection to this new technology is the deciding factor in the futureRead MoreConsumers Perception of a Brand Image Incredibly Relevant1297 Words   |  6 Pagesand Mahajan (2003) discuss the importance of not just economic switching costs but the costs of social and knowledge switching costs. That’s why its importance through marketing, Microsoft not only appeals to students but also educates them on the ways of Windows 8. The interactive factor of hosting a university event will allow students to sample and play with Windows 8 for free and to get the feel of the tangible product. The education and chance to trial Windows 8 can positively influence their

Value At Risk Measurement Of Market Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1047 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? A credit rating tells the lender or investor the probability of a subject being able to pay back the loan. In the U.S the ratings are widespread, 94% of the SP 500 are rated, so this approach are thought to improve capital allocation.In Europe, only 53% of DAX-30 firms obtained a credit rating.Therefore credit ratings definitely will not work in this setting. Moreover, firms of lower credit ratings such as BB- and below, require 150% for the risk weight whereas unrated firms only incur a 100% risk weight. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Value At Risk Measurement Of Market Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This creates an incentive for firms who believes they will achieve a lower credit rating to remain unrated in order to achieve cheaper financing. Credit rating agency has been subjected to many criticisms themselves. One of the most important criticisms which partly led to the financial crisis is the errors in their method for rating structured products, particularly in assigning AAA ratings to structured debt, which in a large number of cases has subsequently been downgraded or defaulted.Many argued that it is because rating complex structured products is very difficult. However,if it is just difficult there should be a balance of overrated and underrated structured products. There had been persistent bias which shows the rating seems to systematically over-estimate the creditworthiness of the rated instrument.  [2]  One of the reasons that SEC found out in their 10 month investigation is because of conflict of interest as they were paid by investment banks and other firms th at organize and sell structured securities to investors.  [3]  This has cause problems for financial institiutions as shown in financial crisis when ratings dramatically fall from AAA to below investment grade during the subprime crisis. Under Basel II, banks who initially only required capital allocation of only 0.6% due to an AAA rated securitization now requires 52% capital allocation as it downgrades to BB- rated securitization. Financial institiutions who did not hold enough money in reserves to safeguard themselves from downgrades would have to be bailed out by governments. Credit agencies do not downgrade the companies promptly enough. For example, Enrons rating remained at investment grade four days before the company went bankrupt, despite the fact that credit rating agencies had been aware of the companys problems for months.  [4]  This lag can be explained by the agencies reliance on accounting data, their inability to monitor all issuers continuously and their willingness to change only when they know the decision on the issuer will not change in the near future.However to forecast risk under Basel II, banking supervisors should not use past months ratings to rate their own credit risk as it will be inaccurate. Therefore credit rating agencies had to improve by constantly updating their rating system and improve their credibility before being able to be used to evaluate credit risk for firms effectively. Value at Risk measurement inapprorpriate to measure market risk Basel II requires financial institutions to use the 10 day VaR at 99% confidence interval as a risk metric to measure market risk. VaR is communicated as the maximum loss of a particular portfolio at a particular point (confidence interval) in an underlying asset returnsà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ distribution, over a given timeframe (the holding period).Since it is only measured to 99% confidence interval, losses beyond the region will not be accounted for in the minimum capital requirement.. Our group believes bank shareholders and managers uses this measurement as they do not bear losses above and beyond bankà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s capital. However this is not appropriate for bank regulators, as the losses in excess are funded by public authorities. Critics believe not incorporating the tail VaR destabilizes the economy and induced the crashes in the financial system  [5]  . However we fee ls that if tail VaR is accounted for, the capital requirement for the banks will be too large and this will slow down the economy as investments will decrease. Ineffective implementation of own risk models Under the Basel II framework, regulators allow large banks with sophisticated risk management systems to do risk assessment based on their own models to determine the minimum amount of regulatory capital. This is allowed because Basel II regulators believe own bank supervisors know their bank best. However the recent financial crisis proves otherwise. The need of recapitalization reveals that the internal risk models of many banks performed poorly and greatly under-estimated risk exposure, forcing banks to reassess and reprice their credit risk. This happens because there are no independent measures to assess the bank risk model. The banks could do what they thing is reasonable and it would be hard for anyone to fault them. By underestimating risk exposure, it allows the bank to increase their lending limits and thus earn more revenue for the company. However, we have to take note that mathematical models have limited predictive power in finance and the difficulties in accounting f or low probability but high losses events. Procyclical Basel II is being criticized of being procyclical. During the boom times, credit ratings will be better as their probability of default is lower. This allows the bank to have lower capital requirements under Basel II thus even the badly managed banks with inadequate capital and provisions initially can expand their business, resulting in overlending . However during the bad times, banks require a higher capital requirement as the credit ratings dropped due to increased risk. Difficulties in raising new capital further add on to their capital constraints during downturns. This causes institutions to reduce credit to firms and households and thus forced to cut lending when it is most needed. Faced with higher interest rates and lack of alternative sources of finance, firms will cutback on investment spending thereby aggravating the downturn. This is evident during the global economic recession whereby international trade has been severely affected, with trade volumes actually contrac ting by about 12% in 2009.This is associated due to the massive decline in trade financing  [6]  . Inconsistency in implementation of Basel II Basel II is being applied inconsistently around the world, and even within individual markets, leading to very different risk weights and capital charges for identical assets. Basel II is too accommodating on certain risk categories, especially trading risk and sub-prime mortgage. It fails to recognize that the enforcement of a common approach to risk management enhances the homogeneity of the behavior of market participants and hence exacerbates financial crisis.

The Theory Of Divine Right - 1330 Words

Throughout history, new ideas have always been formed from questions and different questions create new ideas. These five documents- â€Å"The Theory of Divine Right,† â€Å"Revocation of the Edict of Nantes,† The Social Contract, What is Enlightenment?, and The Declaration of Independence- each discuss a different idea and are substantial in the demonstration of this idea. These ideas have many differences and similarities. They may be significant in different revolutions, but they all pertain to different views on topics that, while they could be linked together, are fundamentally unalike the others. Each of these documents is important to history in more than one way. While they may seem to be significant in only the simplest way, each of them have a deeper importance that can be seen when they are studied in depth. In â€Å"The Theory of Divine Right,† Jacques-BÃ' nigue Bossuet claims that kings are anointed by God and are sacred. He also says that, as Godly rulers, kings should be paternal toward their subjects. He says â€Å"We have seen that kings take the place of God, who is the true father of the human species. We have also seen that the first idea of power which exists among men is that of the paternal power; and that kings are modeled on fathers.† Bossuet claims that kings and princes are supposed to act as ministers of God, and rule with paternal goodness. He writes â€Å"Thus princes act as ministers of God, and as his lieutenants on earth. It is by them that he exercises his rule. ThusShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Divine Right945 Words   |  4 Pagesover his people and country, and no one ever questioned it because no one ever mistrusted the will of God. However, when a king begins to seem unfit to rule over his people, the people do begin to question all that they have ever known. The theory of divine right states that a monarchial government is the only way to lead. According to Jacques-Bà ©nigne Bossuet, â€Å"If it is the most natural, it is consequently the most durable and from that it follows also the strongest,† (479) meaning if the system isRead MoreThe Theory Of Divine Right935 Words   |  4 PagesJacques Bossuet the writer of â€Å"The Theory of Divine Right† lived from 1627 to 1704. He was known by many as a famous public speaker and a vivid scholar. He believed that kings ruled by divine right, and that monarchy was the political system intended by God. Monarchial government is the most natural, tough, and from that the sturdiest. It is also most against to separate, causing dreadful evil of states, and the main cause of their ruin. Which gives us the meaning of this quote, â€Å"Every kingdomRead MoreThe Divine Command theory of ethics is a theory that states that an act is right or wrong and good700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Divine Command theory of ethics is a theory that states that an act is right or wrong and good or bad based on whether or not God commands or prohibits us from doing it. This means that the only thing that makes an action morally wrong is because God says it is. There are two sides to this theory; the restricted and the unrestricted. The restricted theory basically says that an action is obligatory if and only if it is good and God commanded it; the unrestricted theory states that an act is onlyRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And Euthyphro Problem Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will discuss about the Divine Command Theory and Euthyphro Problem and show how the Euthyphro Problem makes the Divine Command Theory morality arbitrary. Also, I will discuss why one does not have to reject the belief in God due to the Divine Command Theory cannot give a satisfactory answer to the Euthyphro Problem. First, I will define what the Divine Command Theory is and discuss its att ractive features that answer the problem about the objectivity of ethnics. Second, I will defineRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : Capital Punishment And Abortion Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory is the assertion in ethics that an action is morally right if, and only if, it conforms to God’s will. This premise ties together morality and religion in a manner that seems expected, since it provides a solution to arguments about moral relativism and the objectivity of ethics. On the other hand, in Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates questions whether something is right because God commands it, or whether God commands it because it is right. The ethical implications of theRead MoreJohn O’Keefe. Net Id: Jjo85. Word Count: 1,369. All Actions1381 Words   |  6 Pagesunrestricted version of the divine command theory which is a moral theory based on God’s commands and their relation to morality. Does God command what is right or is what is r ight commanded by God? There exists a version of the divine command theory that avoids all the contradictions that can arise from the application of the Euthyphro dilemma to the unrestricted divine command theory, and that is what this paper will discuss. Before delving into this restricted version of the theory it is first necessaryRead MoreReligion And Morality On The Hunt Of Finding The Author Of What We Know As Social Norms952 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor of what we know as social norms. In this philosophy paper, we will discuss the origin and evolution of the Divine Command Theory and we will analyze an objections against this theory cited by Plato (Atenas, 427 - 347 a. C.) who states: morality and moral obligations ultimately do not depend on God. First of all, we will discuss the origin end evolution of Divine Command Theory. There are three central assumptions about the correlation between morality and religion. We may focus on one outRead MoreDivine Command Theory, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics1618 Words   |  7 Pagesethical questions which we encounter. That being, divine command theory, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics all provide adequate insight to everyday morality. There are flaws and strengths to each and every one of these concepts. However, divine command theory proves to provide the most requisite intellect with minute disfigurement. Divine command theory offers a chance at a purposeful reason to undertake morality with the right manor. This theory also represents a constant state of rules thatRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1377 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the most thought provoking theories and ideas from some of the greatest philosophers. One of those theories is the Divine C ommand theory. The Divine Command theory tries to explain the relation between God and what is morally correct and there have been many philosophers who have taken very opposing views on the theory in order to determine of society should accept this theory. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Divine Command theory is â€Å"the view that morality is somehowRead MoreBy Jove: A Brief Look at Polytheistic Divine Command Theory1635 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles’ famous play â€Å"Antigone† highlights a problem in what was then the prevalent worldview for most pious Greeks, that of Divine Command Theory. Divine Command Theory is a philosophical paradigm, or worldview, which essentially states that an action is good if and only if it has been commanded by a divine entity, which, to quote St. Thomas Aquinas, â€Å"all men know as God.† The problem arises in what happens when there exist multiple deities, such as is the case with the Greek and Roman pantheons

Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) Free Essays

Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) In explaining the historical development of the personnel function of the Hr manager, I will begin by giving a brief description of the 6 different types of personnel manager: The Social Reformer Before personnel emerged as a specialist management activity at the beginning of the 20th century there were those who intervened in industrial affairs to support the severely under privileged factory workers. The Acolyte of benevolence The first people appointed with specific responsibility for improving the lot of the employees were welfare officers who saw there role as dispensing benefits to the deserving and unfortunate employees. The motivation was the christian charity of paternalist employers who provided these comforts, partly because employees deserved them, but mainly because he was willing to provide them. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Humane Bureaucrat The first 2 phases were concerned predominantly with the physical environment of the work and the amelioration of hardship among â€Å"the workers† . As organisations increased there size, specialisation was emerging in the management levels as well as on the shop floor. This led to the growth of personnel work on staffing the organisation, with great concern about role specification, selection. Training and placement. The consensus negotiator Personnel managers next added expertise in bargaining to there repetoire of skills. Where the personnel manager could at best be described as a remembrancer of the employees the trader union official could be their accredited representative. Organization man Then came a development of the humane bureaucracy phase into preoccupation with the effectiveness of the organization as a whole, which should have clear objectives and a wide spread commitment among organisation members to those objectives. The approach was also characterised by candour between members and a form of operation supporting the integrity of the individual and providing opportunities for personal growth. Manpower Analyst The last distinct historical stereotype was the manpower analyst. The humane bureaucrat was concerned to get a good fit between a particular worker and a particular job: Employees were individuals. Next I will give a brief outline of the different eras in the development of the Hr manager in Ireland. 1940s and 1950s: The Welfare Stage It is difficult to pinpoint exactly when personnel management first appeared in Ireland. Barrington (1980:90) indicates that a personnel function had been established in the civil service after the First World War, but its official recognition in the private sector is probably best dated from the setting up of an Irish branch of the Institute of Labour Management, the forerunner of the Institute of Personnel Management (IPM), in Dublin in 1937. The meetings of the Institute of Labour Management were held in the recreation hall attached to the Jacob’s Biscuit Factory and were attended by a small group of individuals, mainly women, who acted as welfare supervisors in Dublin factories such as Wills, Maguire and Patersons, Williams and Woods and Jacob’s. These companies had strong Quaker traditions and were concerned with the health and well-being of their employees. The second issue which emerges from an analysis of the foundations of personnel management is its dominance in the early years by women. This appears to have resulted in difficulties for both men and women intent on careers in personnel management. For men there was the worry of developing a career in a profession with a female image. However, for many men this dilemma was resolved by the industrial relations focus which was to emerge in the 1970s in which bargaining and negotiating with trade unions became very much a male preserve and one with a much more dynamic image. For women the incursion of men into personnel management has created long-term problems. The 1960s: Growth and DevelopmentPersonnel management grew slowly in the 1950s and 1960s in Ireland; then as now the fate of personnel function was inextricably entwined with economic developments The 1970s: The Industrial Relations EraPersonnel management grew steadily during the late 1960s and early 1970s. A survey by the Irish Management Institute (Gorman et al. , 1974) estimated that the number of personnel managers working in firms with over 20 employees increased from around 100 to about 400 between 1964 and 1973. Throughout the 1970s this growth continued so that by 1981 there were an estimated 770 private sector firms with a designated personnel office. The main areas of activity associated with the personnel function were outlined in a submission by the IPM to the Commission: manpower planning; recruitment and selection; employee evaluation, training and development, career development promotion etc. ; remuneration and benefits; industrial relations (i. e. policy and practices in relationships with unions and union representatives, procedure agreements covering recognition, disputes, grievances, redundancy, etc. negotiations with full-time officials and with shop stewards); employee communications and consultation; organisation development (i. e. organisation and job design, various approaches to securing higher employee involvement and motivation, opinion surveys and survey feedback, etc. ); personnel administration – contracts, attendance, turnover, medical and welfare facilities, safety at work, employee performance indices etc. The 1980s: Cost CutterBy the 1980s, personnel departments were well established in Irish organisations. A survey by Murray (1984: 21) of 141 manufacturing firms found that 74 per cent had a personnel function and that the status of the personnel function appeared confirmed with many personnel managers having access to top management decisions. The economic difficulties of this decade are reflected in the themes of the IPM’s annual conferences. In 1983 this was ‘Survival Management’; in 1984 it was ‘Job Loss: the Price of Being Competitive’; in 1985: Social and Political Change: the Implications for Personnel Management; in 1986 ‘The Uncertain Future’; and in 1987 ‘Meeting the Challenge’. The 1990s: Strategic Planner and Business ManagerThe 1990s have seen attention turn to the roles that the personnel practitioner might play as business manager and human resource specialist, these roles involving an active contribution to ‘competitive advantage’. The historical analysis of the development of the personnel management role raises several critical issues. Is there a dominant role in Irish organisations in the mid 1990s? Do the roles which have developed over time co-exist or have some disappeared? Are some roles better than others and, if this is the case, better for whom? A superficial analysis of the situation suggests that there has been a great deal of continuity in personnel management over the years and that the issues that have concerned the personnel manager and the personnel profession have remained remarkably constant, although perhaps portrayed using very different language. The analysis has revealed that many of the challenges facing the personnel practitioner have remained constant and the need to manage the employment relationship, no matter the terminology that is used to describe this relationship, is one which is central to the personnel role. The management of the psychological contract as a critical issue for the 1990s may represent for the personnel profession a return to its roots. Now we’ll examine the emergence of the Hr manager as a professional. Some industry commentators call the Human Resources function the last bastion of bureaucracy. Traditionally, the role of the Human Resource professional in many organizations has been to serve as the systematizing, policing arm of executive management. In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road block by much of the rest of the organization. The importance of the human resource function has become evident especially with the onset of global competition. Not only do human resource managers have to think more strategically and in step with corporate planning managers, they have had to address real and hard issues about the impact of intense competition on employment stability. It is one thing to think with executives on how the human resource section can support corporate activities. It is another to actually implement cost-savings policies with regards employment. The role of the Hr manager must parallel the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptive, resilient, quick to change direction and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. HR directors, and occasionally HR managers, may head up several different departments that are each led by functional or specialized HR staff such as the training manager, the compensation manager, or the recruiting manager. Human Resources staff members are advocates for both the company and the people who work in the company. Consequently, a good HR professional performs a constant balancing act to meet both needs successfully. The role of the HR professional is changing. In the past, HR managers were often viewed as the systematizing, policing arm of executive management. Their role was more closely aligned with personnel and administration functions that were viewed by the organization as paperwork. When you consider that the initial HR function, in many companies, comes out of the administration or finance department because hiring employees, paying employees, and dealing with benefits were the organization’s first HR needs, this is not surprising. In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road block by much of the rest of the organization. The role of the HR manager must parallel the needs of his or her changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change direction, and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor. At the same time, especially the HR Generalist, still has responsibility for employee benefits administration, often payroll, and employee paperwork, especially in the absence of an Hr assistant. Depending on the size of the organization, the HR manager has responsibility for all of the functions that deal with the needs and activities of the organization’s people including these areas of responsibility. David O’Callaghan Carrigaline 2009 How to cite Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland), Papers

Creative product free essay sample

In this task I am going to be speaking about and explaining a successful promotional campaign. The campaign I will be speaking about is the ‘whopper sacrifice’. The whopper sacrifice is a Burger King advertising campaign on Facebook that promised a coupon for a free hamburger if participants deleted 10 people from their ‘friends’ lists on the social network. I would class a good advertising campaign as: it is aimed at the target audience and uses the most effective medium for them. It should raise the awareness of the business and also increase the publics estimation of its importance. The main message must be the most prominent one, the one that stays in your head. The main types of advertising media are as follows: television, printed (newspaper, magazines etc ), press coverage, billboards, radio, in store, social media, emails and paid searches (i. e. paying google to advertise you on certain searches) I think burger king’s whopper sacrifice was a huge success: the Facebook application was installed nearly 60,000 times in a matter of days, nearly 20,000 Whopper coupons were sent out, and well over 200,000 Facebook friends were deleted. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative product or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Facebook members even created unofficial groups, offering to let other members add them as friends and then delete them for Whopper Sacrifice purposes. In an interview, Brian Gies, vice president for marketing for the fast-food chain; Burger-King, said Burger King intended to limit the promotion to 25,000 Whopper coupons. I think he did this because he doesn’t want to lose too many burgers for one, and also because that is a lot of people who have just put Burger King in their good books and this should lead to good word of mouth and should maximise sales at some point. Why use Facebook for advertising a marketing campaign? Social media is everywhere. It certainly creates challenges but it also creates a great deal of opportunity for businesses that devote the time to creating social media plans and following them through. Here are a few of the reasons why businesses use social media platforms of some type: Total Reach: Few types of marketplaces offers the total reach that social media does to burger King. Stats require constant upgrading, but Facebook claims to have over 500 million active users, twitter has over 75 million accounts and LinkedIn near 80 million members. And it’s not just kids: Facebook users have an average age of 38. Establishing Expertise: Blatant advertising doesn’t work in many social media platforms especially not from pitches instead of discussions but by posing questions, publishing useful content, and answering others’ questions, you can develop a following and burger king have done something similar to this, created a ‘group’ Niche Markets: Reach people in a space where they’re already comfortable and spending their time. By choosing the right platforms and groups, you can invest your time in developing relationships with exactly the right markets, such as Facebook groups who all like American cuisine or something similar. Free Exposure: While there are some intriguing advert buy options with Facebook depending on your goal and industry, traditional social media exposure carries zero cost. Creating a great presence requires a lot of time and effort, but it’s something you can do without any out-of-pocket costs. Loved by Search Engines: If all of the above weren’t enough, the search engines love many social media platforms. By building an effective presence on Facebook, LinkedIn, or twitter, you can use these profiles to help optimize your main website, even if it not the website you’re trying to promote. If Burger King didn’t pick social media as their primary type of promotion, they could have picked something like television adverts. People who see television adverts are watching TV, people who can actually be bothered to go on Facebook to check this out are probably not watching TV, so this might not work out. Although, some people will go on Facebook even though their favourite program is just about to come back on whilst the adverts finish up, they would go on Facebook and go through with burger king’s promotion, but I just think it would be a lot more convenient as a potential customer to just be reminded next time they’re surfing on the FB. Overall I think that burger king was right to use social media as their media choice in this successful promotional campaign. I think this because of the reasons and all of the advantages that I have spoken about above. These are not, though, the only reasons, there are many more such as ANYBODY out of 500 Million people are open to this campaign and I just think that overall, no other media type could have resulted in success in this particular campaign as much as web based/social media could have. Factors which companies must consider when deciding on which type of media to use for a promotional campaign: Coverage: Otherwise called reach, expressed as a percentage, reach is the number of individuals (or homes) to expose the product to through media scheduled over  a period of time you need to consider this when choosing a type of media because if you are a large business like Apple then you will be aiming for a large coverage, yet if you’re taste of Lahore, then you may not be aiming for huge coverage, you may not even want television ads, because when you’re a small business all you need to do is make sure your customer base is susceptible to seeing your promotional campaign and t his number of people could be as small as 1000 people. Taste of Lahore only need to make posters on their windows, signs on their delivery vehicles and menus to promote really. Cost: companies also need to be considering how much it is going to cost to be able to do certain things as a method of promotion. They all have different prices and some are hugely expensive whereas some are rather affordable for a sole trader. Depending on how much you have in your budget, you will be limited to certain types of media Target Market: target market is also a large factor for businesses that are picking a medium for their promotional campaign. They need to decide which media is going to be the best to reach the target market that they have Many business people are convinced that by casting a big net, they’ll catch more fish (customers). But the audiences — especially when using television, radio, newspapers and outdoor, are so large and diverse that your message rarely stands out. And when it does stand out, it’s often for the wrong reasons, so it is very important to know who you want to see it, and then tailor it to them. Focus of Appeal: for some businesses they are technically revolving around a certain one of our senses, such as McDonalds revolving around our sense of taste. McDonalds craft their adverts carefully to focus their appeal to our tongues this is what you have to do in a lot of businesses. Some businesses like Marks and Spencer use radio adverts to appeal to your sense of taste through your sense of sound.

Democracy Essay Example For Students

Democracy Essay Democracy Complete and true democracy is almost impossible to achieve, and has been the primary goal of many nations, beginning from ancient civilizations of Greece and Roman Empire, all the way to the government of the United States today. There are a few essential characteristics which must be present in a political system for it to be even considered democratic. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. We will write a custom essay on Democracy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. All of these elements and government processes are a regular part of the American government. Yet, even with all the above elements present in the governmental operations of our country, numerous aspects of the governmental process undermine its legitimacy, and bring to question if United States government is really a true democracy. Considering the achievement of complete democracy is most likely impossible, the political system of American government is democratic, but its democratic legitimacy is clearly limited in many respects. One of the first notable aspects of the United States government which brings the democratic legitimacy into question is the ever-occurring bias between classes of people that participate in the electoral voting. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand politics more, they are more likely to vote. In fact, political studies done at Princeton in 1995 clearly showed that 76 percent of all voters had college degrees. The same studies have been done in the next three years and showed the percentage steadily holding at 76 percent, except in 1997, when it dropped down by two percent (Avirett 11). This four to one ration of college educated voters versus non-college educated voters shows a clear inequality and bias in the American voting system. This also brings about the aspect of income. People with high income and education have more resources, while poor people do not, and instead, tend to have low political efficacy. This efficacy has been interpreted as feelings of low self-worth in the world of politics. Vast majority of the lower class simply feels they do not have enough power or influence to make a change, thus choosing to exclude themselves from the electoral process (Fox 13). Turnout, therefore, is low and since the early 1960s, has been declining overall (Fox 17). Although in theory the American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates for the entire nation. This concludes that because voting is class-biased, it may not be classified as a completely legitimate process. The winner-take-all system in elections may also be criticized for being undemocratic because the proportion of people agreeing with a particular candidate on a certain issue may not be adequately represented under this system. For example, a candidate who gets forty percent of the vote, as long as he gets more votes than any other candidate, can be electedeven though sixty percent of the voters voted against him(Lind, 314). Such was the case with president Carter and the opposing Republican candidate Ford in the 1972 presidential election. Carter won the presidency by only one percent in the peoples pole, as well as just barely managing to get by in the electoral college with 297 votes over Fords 241 (Lind 321). This meant that almost fifty percent of the voting population did not agree with Carters views, yet had to endure them for at least next four years. Even though democracy is based on the principle of the majority rule, such close elections make the majority not that major at all, and seriously put a question mark on the democratic legitimacy of the United States government. Another element of the United State government that brings controversy to the democratic process and its legitimacy are the political parties. Political parties in America are weak due to the anti-party, anti-organization, and anti-politics cultural prejudices of the Classical Liberals (Avirett 23). Because there is no national discipline in the United States that forces citizens into identifying with a political party, partisan identification tends to be an informal psychological commitment to a party. This informality allows people to be apathetic if they wish, and willingly giving up their input into the political process. For the past fifty years, the Democratic party has been associated with the lower class people and minorities, while the Republicans have been supported mainly by upper class whites (Avirett 28). Still, there is absolutely no substantial stance that each party takes to show its allegiance to their assigned classes. In fact, Republican presidents like Ronald Regan and George Bush were credited with major accomplishments in cutting the tax for the lower income families and boosting the health reforms (Avirett 37). .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .postImageUrl , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:hover , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:visited , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:active { border:0!important; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:active , .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf221a05a01fe6df7b87672e74538ff4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Language Arts Importance Essay Thesis This contradicts the idea that Republicans only benefit the interests of the upper class citizens, and clearly shows the apathy of people giving up their input into the political process due to their partisan identification to a certain party. Though this apathy is the result of a greater freedom in America than in other countries, it ultimately decreases citizens incentive to express their opinions about issues, therefore making democracy less legitimate. Private interests are probably the strongest indicators of illegitimate democracy in the United State government. Private interests distort public policy making because, when making decisions, politicians must take account of campaign contributors. An interest may be defined as any involvement in anything that affects the economic, social, or emotional well-being of a person (Cerent 9). When interests become organized into groups, then politicians may become biased due to their influences. Special interests buy favors from congressmen and presidents through political action committees (PACs), devices by which groups like corporations, professional associations, trade unions, investment banking groupscan pool their money and give up to ten thousand dollars per election to each House and Senate candidate (Lind 157). Consequently, those people who do not become organized into interest groups are likely to be underrepresented financially. This leads to further inequality and, therefore, greater illegitimacy in the democratic system. The most noted recent example of a politician being influenced by private interests is none other than president Bill Clinton. Just three months after winning his second term over Senator Bob Dole in the 1996 presidential elections, Clinton was under the investigation under suspicion of acquiring campaign money by renting historical presidential rooms to wealthy businessmen (Avirett 18). Although he was acquitted of the charges, the scandal showed that private interest is a serious issue, and a clear problem in the political system of the United States. Regans administration was known for raising its campaign money from weapon-oriented factories, which made about 32 percent of his total campaign collection in the early 1980s (Avirett 15). George Bushs campaign money came mainly from the Northern industrial cities, while Carter accepted majority of his money from the farmers in the South, promising them better trade relations with the troubled Asian markets in the 1970s (Avirett 22). All these are just a few examples of politicians taking every advantage possible to gain more money for their campaigns, undermining the legitimacy of the American government. The method in which we elect the President, on the other hand, is fairly legitimate. The electoral college consists of representatives who we elect, who then elect the President. Because this fills the requirement of regularly scheduled elections, it is a legitimate process. The President is extremely powerful in foreign policy making; so powerful that scholars now speak of the Imperial Presidency, implying that the President runs foreign policy as an emperor. The President is the chief diplomat, negotiator of treaties, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. There has been a steady growth of the Presidents power since World War II. This abundance of foreign Presidential power may cause one to believe that our democratic system is not legitimate. However, Presidential power in domestic affairs is limited. Therefore, though the President is very powerful in certain areas, the term Imperial Presidency is not applicable in all areas. This was particularly evident in the last decade, with President Bush and Clinton exercising the Imperial Presidency as far as international affairs were concerned, yet being limited when it came to domestic issues and approval from the House and the Senate. Although Bush had strong control over military measures taken against Sadam Husseins attack on Kuwait, he was still in check by congress as far as the oil market was concerned, particularly the domestic oil production in the United States (Cerent 44). Clinton also had the power, along with the leaders of NATO, to declare and execute war against raging Serbia. Still, he was bound by Senate regarding the expenses put into the Balkan conflict, and had to rely on the congress to approve further monetary transactions (Cerent 46). These recent examples of division of international and domestic powers clearly show that Imperial Presidency is not applicable in all areas and is moving towards the right direction, thus legitimizing democracy in the United States as far as the presidential powers are concerned. The election process of Congress is also very much legitimate because Senators and Representatives are elected directly by the people. Power in Congress is usually determined by the seniority system. In the majority party, which is the party which controls Congress, the person who has served the longest has the most power. .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .postImageUrl , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:hover , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:visited , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:active { border:0!important; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:active , .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4 .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf0d742849e8d94c1f2f662b1ff327b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Omelas Essay The problem with the seniority system is that power is not based on elections or on who is most qualified to be in a position of authority. Congress is also paradoxical because, while it is good at serving particular individual interests, it is bad at serving the general interest due to its fragmented structure of committees and sub-committees (Fox 56). The manner in which Supreme Court Justices are elected is not democratic because they are appointed by the President for lifelong terms, rather than in regularly scheduled elections. There is a non-political myth that the only thing that Judges do is apply rules neutrally. In actuality, they interpret laws and the Constitution using their power of judicial review, the power explicitly given to them in Marbury v. Madison (Lind, 175). Though it has been termed the imperial judiciary by some, the courts are still the weakest branch of government because they depend upon the compliance of the other branches for enforcement of the laws. The best example of judicial weakness can be found in the act of impeaching the President. Although Richard Nixon never came under a full trial by the Supreme Court, he was ordered to give out a statement regarding the Watergate scandal in front of the Supreme Court Justices. Although the Justices placed a legal hold on all his presidential actions, the hold was not enforced until the congress reviewed the Courts decision (Lind 112). Even in the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Bill Clinton first had to testify in front of a Grand Jury put together by congress, and then the Supreme Court Justices. In fact, Clinton was never tried in the Supreme Court, because the congress ruled not to try him for impeachment in the first place. This brings Judicial power to questions, as well as the legitimacy of the government. The fact that our government is a bureaucracy in certain respects also brings about many controversial aspects which question its legitimacy. The bureaucracy is not democratic for many reasons. The key features of a bureaucracy are that they are large, specialized, run by official and fixed rules, relatively free from outside control, run on a hierarchy, and must keep written records of everything they do. Bureaucracies focus on rules, but their members are unhappy when the rules are exposed to the public (Lind 171). Bureaucracies violate the requirement of a legitimate democracy that public policy must be made publicly, not secretly. To be hired in a bureaucracy, a person is required to take a civil service exam. Also, people working in bureaucracies may be fired under extreme circumstances. This usually leads to the Peter Principle; that people who are competent at their jobs are promoted until they are in jobs in which they are no longer competent (Lind 175). Policy making, on the other hand, should be considered democratic for the most part. The public tends to get its way about sixty percent of the time, as it was proven in the Princeton studies in 1995 (Avirett 13). The studies were based on a simple principle of what people demanded from the government in the nationwide polls, and what they got in the near future. In the end, sixty percent of all issues were addressed and successfully solved by the government (Avirett 13). Because one of the key legitimating factors of a government is a connection between what it does and what the public wants, policy making can be considered sixty percent legitimate. Such a percentage puts the American political system and its democratic legitimacy into perspective of being legitimate for the most part, but not completely. Even though the individual workings of the American government may not all be particularly democratic, they do form a political system that prevails in its democratic ways at the end. Considering that achieving true democracy is almost impossible, the United States government is coming close and is striving to get closer as the years go by. It is true that the people who run for and win public office are not necessarily the most intelligent, best informed, wealthiest, or most successful business or professional people. At all levels of the political system,it is the most politically ambitious people who are willing to sacrifice time, family and private life, and energy and effort for the power and celebrity that comes with public office (Dye 58-59). But in the end, it is the choice of people that decides whether these ambitious individuals are worthy of their vote and their representation. The United States government might not be a perfect example of democracy, but it certainly has the main democratic principles that allow for a political system to strive for as true of a democracy as possible. Politics Essays